专八口语考试范文

第一篇：专八口语考试范文

2015年12月专八口语口译含参考答案

Speech of an international CEO at the provincial level forum in china Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen,

It is a great honor to be invited to speak at this forum of international development. As one of the first international retail enterprises that have settled in this province, we have set up 4 joint ventures with a total investment of rmb 3.5 billion yuan, and moreover, we have opened over 20 large-scale supermarkets in the major cities, last year we launched a plan to support small and medium suppliers in the province aiming to bring solutions to the suppliers, including standard commercial operations, up to date marketing concepts and strong communications, we offer them free consultation, including the customers’ needs, lay-out of products, flow of funds, and market feed back. Meanwhile, we demand they produce high quality products, with our help, many small and medium suppliers have found new solutions and increased their sales, in addition, we have just started a new plan with our suppliers at a recent conference, this plan gain extensive applause from these suppliers,

In this second half of the year, we will provide guarantee for suppliers who want to obtain loans or financing, helping them to overcome the shortage of funds due to the global financial crises, at present, we are negotiating with various commercial banks, trying to persuade them to expand better financial channels for our suppliers.

On the 8th of this month, we organized the win win day for partners, the event had two topics, one was direct purchase and the other was medium and small food processing companies, both projects are essential for us in china, we hope professional trainings and business seminars and expect to help local suppliers to be more aware of food safety issues to complete the innovation of products and technology, and to provide more products which meet the market demand. After 12 years’ cooperation and development in china, we will as always go forward hand in hand with the development of this province, making more contributions to its prosperous market to have a harmonious commercial environment in china, and to this sustainable development of Chinese economy.

中国国家旅游局官员在第六届丝绸之路国际大会开幕式上的致辞 尊敬的各位来宾，女士们，先生们， 上午好！

很高兴与大家相聚在古老而美丽的敦煌，共同出席联合国旅游世界组织第六届丝绸之路国际大会，我谨代表中国国家旅游局对大会召开表示热烈祝贺，对远道而来的各位嘉宾表示诚挚欢迎。

拥有两千多年的历史，绵延7千多公里的丝绸之路是沿线各国人民共同开创的友谊之路，是人类探索自然，挑战自我的奇迹之路，是亚、欧、非三大洲文明交流和融合之路。今天，丝绸之路已成为沿线各国经济往来、文化交流的大道，更成为全球游客心驰神往的一条黄金旅游线路，中国是丝绸之路的起点，也是沿线极具吸引力的旅游圣地，统计数据显示，过去十年，中国丝路沿线五省区的入境游客量从141万人次跃升到415万人次，年均增幅达11.4%， 国际旅游收入从5.16亿美元增长到22亿美元，年均增幅达15.6%. 旅游业已成为当地的支柱产业、先导产业，在沿线各国的共同努力下，丝绸之路旅游项目取得了有目共睹的成果，但目前，沿线各国签证、交通等便利化程度还不高，区域经济和旅游市场发展还不平衡，在这里，我倡议沿线国家强化合作，共谋发展，共同把丝绸之路打造成国际游客青睐的旅游精品。

When talking about Chinese tourists overseas, news media often mention their inappropriate behavior such as spitting, littering, talking loudly in public places, and carving characters in scenic spots. The china national tourism administration recently announced that in order to improve the image of Chinese holidaymaker overseas, it will establish a “black list” for individuals engaging in such “uncivilized behavior” and the record will be kept for up to two years. What do you think of this measure? Do you think it will be effective? What suggestions do you have?

第二篇：雅思口语考试与托福口语考试比较

官方网站：

雅思口语考试与托福口语考试比较

下面为大家比较了雅思口语考试与托福口语考试相关的内容，供同学们进行下载参考。

很多考生都在询问雅思口语考试和托福口语考试的区别，为了能让考生们更好的准备，今天我们就为考生们详细介绍：

单就口语考试来说，无论是在新托福还是雅思考试中，都是学生最薄弱的环节之一。英国大使馆文化教育处透露，2008年中国学生口语的平均得分5.3分(这其中还包含香港和澳门学生的考分。这两个地区学生的平均考分是高于大陆学生的平均水平的。)而这一成绩在全球排名倒数第三。就整体来看，中国大陆雅思考生的平均成绩自2000年以来一直徘徊在全世界100余个参考国家中的倒数几位，2006年的雅思均分为5.53，仅比阿联酋考生分数高。再来看新托福口语成绩。美国教育考试服务中心近期公布了全球考生2008年的托福成绩报告。据报告显示，中国考生口语成绩，比全球平均分略低，只有74分。再从整体来看，中国考生去年的新托福的平均分是76分，而全球考生的平均分是79分，这里可以看到中国考生的平均成绩比全球的水平还要略微落后一些。看来口语考试都是两类考试的关键部分。

那么今天我们首先来了解一下两种考试在口语部分的区别何在。

两种考试的口语分别希望考我们什么?

我们首先来谈一谈雅思和新托福口语考试的评分标准有什么不同。根据ETS的官方指南(Offical Guide)，我们知道新托福口语考试从言语表达、语言应用和话题发展三个方面来考查考生。而雅思口语考试更侧重考察考生的流利程度、词汇、语法以及发音四个方面。简言之，新托福口语考试时考查考生的校园日常对话以及课堂交流能力。而雅思口语考试考查学生的生存英语能力，即话题涉及的范围比较广。很多专家解释为新托福口语考试的答题内容比较重要，即单位时间内有逻辑地表达的信息越丰富越好。而雅思口语考试的表达比较重要，即越像英语本土人说话越好。

两种口考试的形式又有什么区别?

这里我们简单的介绍一下两种口语考试的考试题型。新托福口语考试与雅思口语考试有着很大的差异。新托福口语考试的时间为20分钟，考生要戴上耳机，通过录音，记录下自己的答案。考试题目有6题，其中

1、2道为独立回答题，这两道题的准备时间为15秒，回答时间是45秒。第

3、4道要求先读一段75~100字的文字，然后听一段与阅读文字在内容学术话题。

3、4题的准备时间是30秒，回答时间是60秒。最后的

5、6道先听一段1分钟左右的对话或短文，然后回答相应内容加上自己的意见。最后两道题目的准备时间是20秒，回答时间为60秒。考生可在听录音的过程中做笔记来帮助答题。

雅思口语考试一般时长12至15分钟，要和考官进行面对面的交流。口语分成三个部分，第一部分谈论第一部分谈论一些日常话题，比如学习、工作、天气、爱好、交通等等。第二部分考生拿到一张卡片，准备一分钟，然后就卡片中的内容发言一至两分钟，卡片可能是人物、体育、环境、艺术、科技、传媒等话题。第三部分，考官将对第二部分的内容进行扩展，提问一些较为深入和抽象的问题。

那针对两种考试，我们要注意什么呢?

时间。无论是新托福口语考试还是雅思口语考试，考生掌控时间能力的强弱对成绩有着直接影响。新托福口语考试对时间的要求更高一些。因为答题时间最多不超过1分钟。但是需要表达的信息却不能少。

官方网站：

如第

1、2中的题目属于日常话题，这两道题本身难度比较小，所以特别需要注意的就是时间的分配问题，在这45秒钟里，一般用5～6秒完成主题句。接下来的15-20给出一个支持观点和细节。然后用同样的时间给出第二个。因此如果考生能在考前进行充分的准备，积累常用的细节或者事例，考试的时候就会从容许多。

而雅思口语考试除了第一部分以外，第

二、三部分的时间掌控主要体现在答案结构的安排。我们不能具体到每个细节用多少时间。但是除了开头和结尾的30秒外，每一个小点应该安排30-35秒左右。每一个小点如何能讲出更多的信息，如何使你的表达听起来更专业，更地道，更符合西方国家的文化习惯，是我们在考试中需要时刻记住的。其实雅思口语和新托福口语考试最大的不同在于雅思口语的单个题目答题时间比托福口语的时间要长。

这就要求雅思口语的答题中细节要更加细致。其次是雅思口语考试的答案都是主观题，而新托福口语考试的综合任务大部分都是重述题目中已经给定的内容。

细节的细致程度。我们来看2009年5月30日雅思口语第一部分的一个真题：Which room do you like most ? 这个题目在2008年的新托福口语第一道任务中也出现过。我们先来看一个新托福3.5~4(exccellent)分的答案:：(45秒、8句)The room I like most is defnitely my own bedroom, because I decorated it myself. My mom was so kind that she allowed me to chooes all the staff that I wanted to adnore my room, like the pink bed, the pink curtains as well as a gorgeous pink book shelf. What’s more, it is also a trustworthy friend of mine. It would remian bright even I burnt the midnight oil; it would play Marseillaise if I felt hopless and it always turns the cold shoulder to me when I make mistakes. I like my room most not only because of it is attractive by appreance, but also sincere inside.

我们看见，托福口语的答案有了细节和理由，加上完整的结构和正确的语法就可以了。但是雅思口语的第一题都是简答题。因此简单回答重点即可。如： it of course is my bedroom, because I decorated it myself and it is a good friend to share happines and woes. 但是倘若这道题目出现在第二个部分中，答案这样是不够的。从时间上来讲，细节应该更加细致才能有足够的内容说。从内容上来说，更应注意表达的多样性。从表达上来讲，应该注意和考官的眼神交流。

我们来看一个7.5分的口语表达：(最好2分钟)There are a lot of rooms I like to stay in when I am at home, but among all these, I think my bedroom is on the tip of my tongue when you ask me such question. Well, I am the Chief desginer of my room and I took care of almost all the decoration purchase. I have brought all the pink staff home: the pink Bohimian bed, the pink wood book shelf as well as the pink lace curtains with a lot triangle patterns on them. I am such a huge fan of pink. Another point I would like to mention here is the loyality my bedroom represents to me. I always stay late due to a lot of assignment, but my room never has any complian. What’s more, it is always the last one to hit the hay. My bedroom is also very inspiring that it keeps playing Marseillaise if I encounters setbacks. The last point of my friend is that it blames me when I make mistakes. Like once, I had an argument with my mom because she refused to buy a new shirt for me. When I locked myself inside my room, I found the wall turns its shoulder to me that it looks white. I felt loney and regreting that probably I should not be such gready guy. That’s probably why I feel like falling in love with my tiny but fantastic bedroom.

官方网站：

新托福口语考试和雅思口语考试的口语部分还是有区别的。但是两者的考试题目的重复率还是比较高的。因此，只有掌握最新真题的规律和话题才能事半功倍。

第三篇：专八写作技巧

1、 注重写好文章的框架 文章的框架很重要，例如连词的活用，英语句子很讲究逻辑，所以要活用连词

2、句型的多样化 不要老是用简单的主从复合句，要多用一下其他句子，像倒装句， 无人称主语的there be句，非谓语动词

3、基本句型包括Ⅰ.主谓句;Ⅱ. There be;Ⅲ.主系表结构的句子;Ⅳ.被动语态

4、复杂句型 包括Ⅰ.并列句;Ⅱ.从句(定语，状语，名词性，非谓语)

5. 词汇的多样化

专八写作考的不仅仅是你的观点句的新颖更注重的是你的遣词造句的能力，也就是你的词汇的变性，词汇特色能使你的文章更加出众而取得高分。

6、多举EXAMPLE(重要)

多举一些名人的例子，有说服力又辩证，这就要求我们平时课外阅读的时候要用心去发现更多有用的写作素材，多留一颗心眼有助于你日后写作的进步。

7、建议：

写文章最关键的就是审题千万不要出错误，要不然你的论点写得再好也没用。

第四篇：专八写作解题策略

一、审题

1. 2004班《英语专业八级考试大纲》要求考生“按题撰文”。

2. 抓提示信息

(1) 固定信息

一般情况下，题意要求规定了作文的大致结构与各段落的主要内容。(可取任意真题中作文的题意要求为例;“按题撰文”，任意发挥，必然失分)

(2)具体信息

(以2001年专八真题为例)

二、筹划

1. 45分钟内一般没有足够的时间写出较为完整的草稿。

2. 具体步骤

(1)提出自己的观点，确定文章的中心句。

(2)搜集相关资料，并对资料进行分类，从而形成从不同侧面证明主题句的段落雏形。

(3)对材料进行取舍。

(取舍标准：既与每个段落的主题句相关，又能提供最为充足的证据证

明主题句。)

(以2008年专八写作真题范文为例。)

三、写作

打破陈旧开头式、句句紧连丝丝扣、段段逻辑组一体、层次分明条理晰、

字迹清楚加整齐。

四、检查

文章的标题是否得当、句法结构有无错误、语法是否正确、过渡词使用是

否恰当、标点符号使用的是否恰当、字母大小写是否存在问题。

第五篇：专八翻译技巧总结

专八翻译

第一章

考题基本规律

所有考题均围绕人文话题，从未出现科学技术方面的考题。

·英译汉要求高于汉译英要求，前者只要“达意”，后者则还要“传神”。

·首选顺译，不会出大错。

·英译汉，直译为主;汉译英，意译为主;时间紧迫，可以“译述”。

·用两种文化去思维，比如在英翻中时不能随意套用汉语成语。

·其他注意事项：

1，

不要遗漏或曲解原文信息。

2，

词汇、句式恰当而多变。

3，

与原文风格一致。

4，

翻译头几句要格外用心，提高印象分。

第二章

汉译英翻译技巧

一，

词的翻译

1，

词义选择

(1)

语境词

手机刷新了人与人的关系。

Cell phone has altered the relationship among people.

(2)

表意模糊的词 这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。

The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society.

(3)

比喻词汇

老师答应给这几个学生“开小灶”。

The teacher promised to give these students special tuition.

2，

词义转换：英语的静态性和抽象性决定其出现名词化和介词化的倾向。

(1)动词转名词

吃头两个菜时，也是赞不绝口。

You will be full of praise while eating the first main courses.

(2)动词转介词

这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。

Thus, every place, with its own legends and tales, has its traditions and customs passed on from generation to generation.

(3)动词转形容词

所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并且深深地依赖着。

Therefore, everyone has become unanimously and profoundly dependent on Nature.

(4)形容词副词转名词

只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。

…leaving there living thins to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.

(5)名词转动词

大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。

People, poor or rich, are equally favored by Nature.

3，

词的增补

(1)语法需要：增补的词多为冠词、名词、代词、连词、介词。

面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全抛到一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息。

When facing a pool of green water, you forgot all your worries and annoyance and enjoy a good rest, both mentally and physically.

在我所呆的三年半中，共有14位学生被招进了他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。

During the three and a half years I stayed at the lab, a total of 14 students were recruited to his lab, but only 5 of them got their doctor’s degrees at last.

(2)意思表达需要

世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新概念的博物馆。

The third generation museums in the world are run on entirely new concepts.

(3)文化背景解释的需要

黄鼠狼给鸡拜年。

The weasel goes to pay his respects to the hen——not with the best of wishes.

4，词的减省

于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。

Then happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nit-picking, and head-nodding to head-shaking.

用点画成线，用线画成平面，用平面画成立体。

With points you can make a line; with lines, planes; with planes, solids.

5，词的替代

(1)名词成分替代：用代词替代重复出现的名词(this/that/all/both/none/some/any/who/which/whose);用名词性代词替代重复出现的名词(enough/half/the former/the latter/the one);同义词替代。

另一种方法是化学方法。

Another method is the chemical approach.

(2)谓语成分替代

你说他很勤奋，他确实很勤奋。

You say he is diligent, so he is.

成绩有双重性，错误也有双重性。

Achievement has a dual character, so do mistakes.

(3)分句替代

你会来出席会议吗?假如不出席会议，请及早通知我们。

Will you attend the meeting? If not, please notice us as soon as possible.

二，

句子翻译

1，确立主干

(1)

确立主语

·避免主语机械对应

这个地区雨比较多。

It rains a lot in this area.

·方位词或时间词在主语位置

山下住着一位老妇人。

There lives an old lady at the foot of the mountain.

·用it做主语翻译主语是复合结构的汉语

信不信是你的事。

It is your concern whether you believe me or not.

最好是等他们回来。

It is advisable to wait till they come back.

勤能补拙

It is diligence that makes for deficiency.

(2)确立谓语：英语的动词通常只能由某个动词或者系表结构担任。

在人际关系上我们不要太浪漫主义。

We shouldn’t be too romantic about personal relationship.

当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。

As long as he is living, he always work and study as hard as possible, unwilling to dream his life away, let alone waste even a single moment of life.

2，语序调整

(1)定语的位置：英语中，单词充当定语时多为前置，短语和从句充当定语时多为后置。

钓鱼是一项能陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。

Fishing is an outdoor sport that can cultivate your mind and it is good for your mental and physical health.

(2)状语的位置

他是1970年5月20日在北京朝阳区出生的。

He was born in Chaoyang District of Beijing on May 20, 1970.

(3)汉英语言叙事重心不同：汉语先叙事，后表态或评论，以突出话题，这叫主题句。汉译英有时会译为掉尾句，即先表态或评论，后叙事，以突出主语。

万一有什么困难，给我们一个信。

Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.

(4)汉英语言强弱词语的顺序不同：英语遵循前轻后重，前简后繁的原则。

救死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义。

Heal the wounded, rescue the dying, practice the revolutionary humanitarianism.

一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗忘的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。

In no time, I was thrown into a feeling of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and abandoned by the rest of the world and could not help crying my heart out.

(5)否定的转移

不是所有的金属都具有同样好的导电性能。

All metals do not conduct electricity equally well.

我的朋友都不吸烟。

None of my friends smoke.

(6)习惯用法

衣食住行是老百姓关心的大问题。

Food, clothing, shelter and transportation are the biggest concern of the common people.

他饥寒交迫，吃了不少苦。

He suffered a great deal from cold and hunger.

3，正反互换 (1)汉语正说，英语反译

那个房间总是关着的。

The windows of that room were never open.

(2)汉语反说，英语反译

·汉语用“无、不、没、非”等词表示全部否定，在英语中可用no, not, none, nothing, nor, neither等词以及否定前缀、后缀等来对应翻译。

学习外语离不开好的词典。

A good dictionary is indispensable for learning a foreign language. ·汉语用“决不、永不、从不”等词表示绝对否定，在英语中可用never, not at all, by no means等进行对译。

在任何情况下我们都不应该放弃希望。

Under no circumstances should we give up our hope.

·汉语用“并非总是”“不是太”等表示部分否定，在英语中可用not every, not much, not always等进行对译。

·汉语中用“几乎不、很少”等表示半否定，在英语中可用barely, hardly, seldom等进行对译。

(3)汉语反说，英语正译：英语中有一类词形式上是肯定的，但意义上是否定的，在翻译汉语否定句时，可以直接使用。

生活远非净是乐事。

Life is far from being a bed of roses.

风景没得无以言表。

The scenery is too beautiful to describe.

(4)双重否定的翻译：汉译英的双重否定用“否定词+not”来处理。

所有规则都有例外。

没有你的帮助，我是不能按时完成这一工作的。

But for your help, I should not have finished the work in time.

人不会不犯错误。

It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes.

4，语态对译

(1)汉语中的许多隐性被动结构在英译文中药转为显性。

推荐我的是一位教授。

I was recommended by a professor.

(2)汉语泛称如“有人”、“大家”等做主语时，英译时多使用被动结构;含有“据说”等不定人称的词语时，通常比较固定的用被动结构进行英译中。

(3)汉语表示被动的句子在译为英语时，也可能转为主动句：一是表示“开始”、“结束”意义的不及物动词;二是表示“移位”、“运转”意义的动词;三是无灵主语的动作正在进行时。

蔬菜正在锅里做着。

The vegetables are cooking.

5，长句翻译

(1)原序对译：针对单一主语长句，关键是分清逻辑中心和层次。

我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片喧闹。

Without being noticed, I lifted the curtain of my small room, only to spy a bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the gardon.

最为常见的是，一个人走着走着突然停下来，眼镜盯着手机屏幕发短信，他不在乎停在马路中央还是厕所旁边。

We are very familiar with the scene when a person suddenly stopped his/her steps to edit short messages with eyes glued at the phone, not caring about his/her stopping in the road center or beside the restroom.

中华民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切，在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界与万物占着一个比例恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。

Chinese people has never regarded human being as the highest creature among everything else since ancient times, whose behavior in both philosophy and arts take a rather appropriate proportion with all others in the natural world, but not as an absolute dominant ruler.

(2)分句合译

它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。

Hardly any of them cares to look up and throws a glance at the beautiful twilight.

一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量吗?

Could there be any standards to evaluate the meaning of one’s life?

(3)断句分译

一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，霎时宾客云集，笑语四溢。

One spring evening, my parents held a banquet in the garden where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom. Instantly, a crowd of guests gathered together and their laughter was heard all over there.

(4)主、次信息句

在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业早日完成。

At the turn of century, as our motherland is becoming more prosperous and powerful, people across the Straits will strengthen their exchanges, and work together to realize the cause of the reunification of our motherland.

5，

无主句

但是，大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看待他对待工作、生活的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。

However, if we, on the whole, can find out whether his attitude towards his life is serious or not and what is his attitude towards his life and work, it would not be difficult to make an appropriate evaluation of the meaning of one’s life.三，

段落翻译

1，

段落的衔接：运用连接词、替代词、指称语、特定冠词，体现语篇性。

有水有鱼的地方大都是好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。

A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood.

2，段落的连贯

大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等，所以人们对于自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。

People, poor or rich, are equally favored by Nature. Therefore human beings, with no exception, have been deeply dependant on it. This is particularly true in the country side where people have been living in the same styles for thousands of years.

3，段落的文体

我们的扬子江、黄河，可以代表我们的民族精神，扬子江及黄河遇见沙漠、遇见山峡都是浩浩荡荡的往前流过去，以成其浊流滚滚，一泻千里的魄势。

The Yangtze River and the Yellow River are both the symbolic of our national spirit. The two mighty rivers negotiate desserts and gorges until their turbid torrents surge forward with irresistible force.

台湾海峡局势复杂、严峻，李登辉悍然抛出所谓“两国论”的分裂主张，台湾当局新领导人对一个中国原则采取回避和模糊的态度，台湾分裂势力图谋以各种形式把台湾从中国分割出去，严重破坏了海峡两岸和平统一的前提和基础。这是造成台湾海峡局势紧张的根本原因。

Taiwan Straits situation is now complicated and grim and the tension across the Straits has been created by the so-called “two-states” theory flagrantly dished out in an attempt to split the country by Lee Teng-hui, the former illegal “president” of Taiwan, and the evasive and obscure attitude of the new leaders of the Taiwan authorities towards the One-China principle as well as Taiwan separatist forces’ scheme of splitting the island province from China in one form or another, which have seriously undermined the preconditions and foundation for peaceful reunification across the Straits.

第三章 英译汉翻译技巧

一， 词的翻译

1， 词义选择

(1) 根据词性选择词义

Writers can not bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year. 诗人约翰·济慈26岁便溘然长逝，文人们对此难以接受。然而他们自己过了26岁时，却半开玩笑地认为自己的生命是失败的。

(2) 根据词的使用场合及上下文联系选择词义

Scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos. 科技的进步正在使我们能够探索宇宙的边陲。 (3) 根据词的搭配和习惯选择词义

Winners do not play “helpless”, nor do they play the blaming game. 赢家绝不会摆出一副无助的样子，更不会玩弄推卸责任的游戏。

2， 词义引申

(1) 具体引申

We have ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst. 我们有能力化解这场危机，避免其往最坏的方向发展。 (2) 抽象引申

Because once you know how you are and how other people see you, you can then get into the driver’s seat. 因为一旦你了解了自己的状况以及别人对你的看法，你就能掌握主动权。

3， 词类转换

(1) 名词转动词

The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. 游戏的种种规则就是将困难武断地强加于人。 (2) 介词转动词

Victory at all costs——victory in spite of all terrors——for without victory there is no survival. 不惜一切代价去夺取胜利——不惧一切恐怖去夺取胜利——因为没有胜利就不能生存下去。 (3) 形容词转动词

Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. 赢家无惧于运用自己的知识进行独立思考。

4， 词的增加

(1) 使语义完整

In his classical novel, “The Pioneers”, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, with his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀在他的经典小说《拓荒者》一书中，描述了主人公——一个地产开发商，带着表妹游览一座他正在建造的城市的情景。 (2) 补出原文省略部分

Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself. 除了上述原因之外，子女对于家庭这一制度本身也有着极其深远的意义。 (3) 传达语法含义

A U-2 pilot also carried a shaving kit, civilian clothes, pictures of his wife, some gold coins, watches and rings„

U-2型驾驶员还带了一套修面工具，几件衣服，几张妻子的照片，一些金币、手表和戒指„„

5， 词的删减

(1) 结构性删词

Although pure science usually has no apparent connection with technology, it does lend itself to the development of applied science. 理论科学虽然通常与技术没有明显的联系，但确实有助于应用科学的发展。 (2) 修辞性删词

There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, and the grass was dead. 天未下雪，但叶落草枯。

二， 句的翻译

1， 句序调整

(1) 主语重心变为主题重心

The last time universities experienced such far-reaching change in information processing was during the last quarter of the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th century. 在信息处理方面，高等院校上一次深远的变革发生在19世纪后期和20世纪前期的50年间。 (2) 前置重心变为后置重心

I’m lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. 只有在我过于劳累时，在我长时间无间断地工作时，或是在我感到内心空虚需要充实的时候，我才会感到孤独。

(3) 衔接手段连接变为时间顺序铺陈

I came back yesterday from Hong Kong where I had spent two weeks vacation after the completion of the construction job I had been in charge of in the south. 我在南方负责一项工程建设，任务完成后，我到香港度了两周的假，昨天刚刚回家。 (4) 无灵主语变为人称主语

Our world is bursting of knowledge——but desperately in need of wisdom. 我们正处于一个知识泛滥、却极度缺乏智慧的世界之中。 (5) 状语位序的调整

PC industry has developed rapidly all over the world during the past 20 years. 个人电脑产业在过去二十年里在世界各地得到了迅速发展。 (6) 定语位序的调整

A smart machine such as this one would be capable of helping people in a variety of professions. 这样聪明的机器将能够为各行各业的人们提供帮助。

2， 语态转译

(1) 被动句变主动句 He is respected by everybody. 人人都尊敬他。

(2) 被动句变泛称句

I was told not to trust what I read in the newspaper. 有人告诉我不要相信报纸上的消息。 (3) 被动句变无主句

Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit. 应该尽最大努力告诫年轻人吸烟的危害，特别是染上烟瘾后的严重后果。

3， 正反转换

(1) 英语正说，汉语反译

If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. 如果读书伊始便固步自封、处处设防。甚至批评挑剔，那么你就无法尽可能多地从阅读中获得最大的价值。

(2) 英语反说，汉语正译 I didn’t give up hope completely. 我仍抱一丝希望。

4， 长句翻译 (1) 断句法

As he walked away, he turned for one last glimpse of her in the doorway, tiny and smiling and waving good-bye. 当他离开时，他回过头来看了她最后一眼。只见她站在门口，体态娇小，面带微笑，挥手向他告别。

(2) 缩合法

American women have come a long way on the road toward a role for women which is as dignified and responsible as the one assigned to men. 美国妇女为了争取与男人同等的崇高而又富有责任感的社会角色，已经取得了很大进步。

三， 语篇翻译

1， 语篇衔接：由英语中的手段性衔接转化为汉语的词汇性衔接。

At any given moment the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same style in dress, the same books on the shelves. 旅行者在美国和欧洲随时都可以看到类似的东西，诸如风格相同的建筑。款式相似的服饰，书架上也摆着相同的书籍。

2， 语篇连贯：构成不同成分之间的语义关联。

He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded in putting what they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic text books. 学生们最初很容易教，因为他们能把教他们的东西付诸实践，现在教师却发现他们面对着大量未曾接触过的英语词汇和习惯用法而踌躇起来，因为这些词汇和习惯用法都是基础教科书所没有涉及的内容。

3， 语篇文体：英译汉以议论文居多，翻译要注重保持其逻辑性。

It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. 下棋的时候，如果你不受规则约束、随心所欲地改变那些全然武断的游戏规则，你会更容易赢棋。然而，下棋的乐趣在于按照规则取得胜利。

We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering. 我们所面临的将是一场极其严峻的考验，将是一场旷日持久的斗争和苦难。