语法系列讲座21 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

语法系列讲座21 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)（共4篇）

篇1：语法系列讲座21 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

语法系列讲座15

(七)不定式的时态。动词不定式一般有三种时态形式，即一般式、进行式和完成式。

(1) 一般式(to+动词原形)：表示与主句谓语动词动作同时(或几乎同时)发生或在主句谓语动词之后发生的事情。例如：

We’re happy to have you on our side. 有你在我们这边我们很高兴。

I saw him go out. 我看见他出去了。( 不定式go out 与 see同时发生。)

They invited me to have dinner with them. 他们邀请我和他们一起吃晚饭。

I hope to see you again. 我希望再见到你(to see发生在hope之后)

(2) 进行式(to be+现在分词)：表示主句谓语的动作发生时，不定式动作正在进行。例如：

She’s said /believed to be living nearby. 据说/据信她就住在附近。

When he came in, I happened to be sleeping in bed. 他进来时，我碰巧正在床上睡觉。

They seem/appear to be enjoying themselves. 看上去他们似乎很快活。

He pretended to be doing his homework when he heard his father’s sound. 他听见父亲的声音，假装正在做作业。

The president was reported to be visiting the hospital. 据报道总统正在访问那家医院。

(3)完成式(to have+过去分词)：表示在主句谓语的动作之前发生的事情。

如：I’m glad to have met your parents here. 我很高兴在这儿见到了你父母。(已见过)

I’m sorry to have kept him waiting for me so long. 我很抱歉让他等了我这样久。(已经等过了)

动词不定式的完成式和下列动词的过去时连用，表示过去没有实现的事情：plan, hope, expect, be, intend, mean, wish, 等。注意一定是它们的过去时。另外还有should/would like/love。这个结构表示“本打算/想/计划…”的意思。例如：

The game were to have taken place in Room. 比赛原计划在罗马举行。

He planned to have gone abroad last week.= He planned to go abroad but he didn’t. 他原计划上周出国的。

I’d like to have been offered the job and(to have been)given the opportunity to prove myself. 我真想(当时)把这个工作给了我，给我个机会让我证明我自己。

同样的意思也可用上述动词的过去完成时加动词不定式的一般式来表达。例如：

I had hoped to visit the great pyramid .= I hoped to have visited the great pyramid.=I hoped to visit it, but I didn’t. 我本希望参观大金字塔的。

They would have liked to have your help.=They would like to have had your help.=They wanted to have your help but they didn’t have it. 他们本想得到你帮助的。

(八)不定式的被动语态。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式有两种：

一般式：to be+过去分词

完成式：to have been+过去分词

例如：

You’re lucky to have been accepted . 你很幸运已经被接受了。

These criminals are to be hanged . 这些罪犯是将被绞死的。

We’re glad to have been invited. 受到邀请我们很高兴。

What’s to be done next? 下一步做什么?

It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸应邀在这里讲话。

(九)为了避免重复，不定式可省略，但to有时保留，有时不保留。例如：

You will make it if you try (to). 如果你努力，你会成功的。

George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don’t think he really wants to. George 说要离开上海，但是我不认为他真的愿意走。

Some of them retired, and others were ready to. 一些人退休了，还有的准备退。

He always speaks faster than he needs to. 他说话总是没必要的快。

I’d like to do it now, but I haven’t got the time (to). 我倒是想现在干，但没时间。

“Would you go there with me?” “I’m glad to.” “你愿意和我一起去吗?”“愿意。”

“Did you pass the exam?” “No, I tried (to), but I failed.” “你考试及格了吗?”“没有，我努力了，但没成功。

“Do you want to sing them an English song?” “I prefer not to.” “你愿意为他们唱首英文歌吗?”“我不想唱。”

You’d better sing an English song if they ask you (to) again.如果他们再要求你，你最后唱一首英文歌。

后面常省略不定式而保留to的结构，还有：

used to 常常 be going to 打算

mean to 打算 ought to 应该

plan to 计划 want to 要想

(十)两个不定式由and, or, except, but, than 连接时，第二个可省略to，尤其是两个不定式紧密相连时。例如:

I intend to call on him and discuss this question again. 我打算去拜访他并和他谈谈这个问题。

I’d like to lie down and go to sleep. 我想躺下睡觉。

You’re free to talk or laugh here. 在这里你可以随便说笑。

I’m anxious to go and ask him about it. 我急于去问问他这个事。

Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later? 你想现在吃午饭还是再等会儿?

We had nothing to do except (to) look at the posters outside the cinema. 我们无事可做，只有看看电影院外面的招贴。

He had nothing to do except talk nonsense. 除了胡说八道，他没别的事干。

I would rather die than be insulted. 我宁死也不受侮辱。

I’ll do anything but work on a farm. 除了去农场干活，我什么都干。

It’s easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 说服人容易，强迫人难。

It’s better to take a taxi than (to) wait here. 搭出租车也比在这等强。

句子中but后面的不定式带不带to，取决于but前面的句子里含不含do，只要有与do/did有关的词(do作谓语，to do作定语等等)，but后面的不定式就省掉to。例如：

I can do nothing but go there alone. 除了独自一个到那里去，我别无选择。

I have nothing to do but go there alone. 除了独自一个到那里去我没事可干。

He did nothing but cry all day long. 他除了整天哭，什么也不干。

Now let’s do some exercises:

1.用动词不定式结构完成下列句子：

1)Let’s _______ (早回家). → go home early

2)I am going _____ (问问题). → to ask some questions

3)I’ve been hoping ______ (会见格林先生)ever since I left school → to see Mr. Green

4)It is difficult ______ (照顾这么多小娃娃). → to look after so many babies

5)He likes _____ (在月光下散步). →to walk in the moonlight

6)She is afraid ____(独自去). → to go alone

7)I pretended ______ (睡着了). → to be asleep

8)I should like _____ (今晚去看那个话剧). →to go to watch that drama tonight

9)Be careful ____ (别着凉). →not to catch cold

10)Mr. Green seemed ____ (越来越不喜欢他). →to dislike him more and more

11)It is too heavy _____ (你搬不动). →for you to carry

12) You have to work hard ____(考试及格). →to pass the examination

13) Tom intends ____(找个新工作). →to look for a new job

14) What do you want ____ (吃)? →to eat

15) I hate _____(这么早离开),but I am afraid ____(我不得不这么早离开). →to leave so early; I have to

16)The enemy soldiers refused ____ (再战斗下去). → To fight anymore

17) He decided _____ (成为物理学家). →to become a physicist

18) The woman came out ____ (看看在发生什么事). →to see what was happening

19) I mean _____ (完成这个任务), one way or another. →to accomplish the task

20) He was planning _____ (和她一起去). →to go with her

21) He seems _____ (过去是个猎手). →to have been a hunter

22) I happened _____(看过这本书). →to have read the book

23) I happened ____ (正挨着他站着) when he was shot. →to be standing next to him

24) The enemy is believed ____ (已被击败). →to have been defeated

25) The teacher wanted the composition ______ (当堂做完). →to be finished in class

26) He appears _____ (是你的朋友) but I doubt if he is. →to be your friend

2.汉译英

1)学生们要求进来。 The students asked to come in.

2)我希望不久可以见到我奶奶。 I hope to see my grandma soon.

3)我刚才设法把门打开了。 Just now I managed to open the door.

4)我答应等他。 I have promised to wait for him.

5)那位官员拒绝见我。 The official refused to see me.

6)他们似乎误了火车。 They seem to have missed the train.

7)你想要和我一起走吗? Do you want to go with me?

8)他没答应走开。 He didn’t promise to go away.

9)他答应不走开。 He promised not to go away.

10)记住不要和那个阿飞(teddy boy)说话。

Remember not to speak to (talk with) that teddy boy.

11)我希望不久接到他们的来信。 I hope to hear from them soon.

12)比尔好像并不明白。 Bill doesn’t seem to understand it.

13)你一定要记住，到七点钟你才能离开。

You must remember not to leave until seven o’clock.

14)那些人不愿意留在这里。 Those men don’t want to stay here.

15)望你及时把它完成。 You are expected to finish it in time.

16)登山的人没有到达山顶。 The climbers failed to reach the peak (top of the mountain).

17)他认为(expect)我会等他吗? Does he expect me to wait for him?

18)你没有告诉他在信上贴邮票吗? Didn’t you tell him to put a stamp on the letter?

19)你愿意帮我学习这一课吗? Will you help me (to) learn this lesson?

20)为什么你不让她帮助你?

Why not get her to help you?或Why don’t you get her to help you?

21)请你让前面那个人把帽子摘下来。 Please ask that man in front of you to take his cap off.

22)你要我干什么呢? What would you like me to do?

23)如果你的朋友们想留下，就让他们全呆在这里吧。

Let your friends all stay here if they want to.

24)我们尽量设法使他明白。 We tried to make him understand.

25)我不知道怎么开始。 I don’t know how to begin.

26)很抱歉，我星期六没来。 I’m sorry not to have come on Saturday.

27)李红要一个人做全部工作。 Li Hong wants to do all the work alone.

28)我很高兴见到你。 I am very glad to see you.

29)你不能使那些孩子们安静下来吗? Can’t you make those children keep quiet.

30)你打算带多少人去看电影呢? How many people are you going to take to the cinema?

31)我没有把药吃完，因为你叫我别都吃了。I didn’t finish the medicine because you asked me not to.

32)如果你要我给你做早饭，我就给你做。 I will cook your breakfast if you would like me to.

33)这水太脏，不能用。 The water is too dirty to use.

34)那些石头太重，你搬不动。 Those stones are too heavy for you to carry.

35)那台电视机太贵，我买不起。 That TV set is too expensive for me to afford.

36)工人们太累了(be tired enough)，立刻就睡着了。The workers were tired enough to go to sleep at once.

37)那孩子很累，以致立刻就睡着了。 The boy was so tired that he went to sleep at once. 38)那个老头累得站都站不直。 The old man was too tired to stand up straight.

39)你想去看电影吗???不，我宁愿呆在家里。Would you like to go to the cinema? ?No, I’d rather stay at home.

40)你不愿意你的朋友先和他谈谈吗?Wouldn’t you like some of your friends to talk to him first?

41)学生们急于知道考试的结果。 The students are anxious to know the results of the exam.

42)说实话，我不懂文学。 To tell the truth, I know nothing about literature.

43)我听到他们在隔壁房间里谈话了。 I heard them talk in the next room.

44)我已下定决心要更加努力地学习。 I have made up my mind to study even harder.

45)美国有可能消灭恐怖主义吗? Is it possible for the United States to wipe out terrorism? 46)你把你的计划向他解释一下，方便吗? Is it convenient for you to explain your plan to him?

47)如果你有机会去西山的话，我愿意和你一起去。If you have a chance to go to the Western Hills, I’d like to go with you.

48)等你想好了，请把你的决定告诉我。After you think it over, please let me know what you have decided to do.

49)探身窗外是危险的。 It is dangerous to lean out of the window.

50)遵守法律是每个人的义务。 It is everyone’s duty to obey the law.

51)约翰感到心跳得很快。 John felt his heart beat fast.

52)汤姆到浴室去洗手。 Tom went to the bathroom to wash his hands.

53)小王站在椅子上，这样看节目就看得更清楚些。 Xiao Wang stood up on a chair so as to see the performance better.

54)他走出房间以便听不到闹声。 He went out of the room so as not to hear the noise any more.

55)孩子们急于要动身。 The children were anxious to start.

56)别惹我们笑了。 Don’t make us laugh.

57)应该把这件事告诉老师。 The teacher ought to be told about it.

58)这所房子只出租，不出售。 The house is to let, not to be sold.

59)他们是来看的，不是来给人看的。 They came to see, not to be seen.

60)这个成语难于解释，但不难(be no trouble)用。 This idiom is hard to explain, but it is no trouble to use.

二、动名词

动名词可以起名词的作用，在句子中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。动名词仍保留动词的一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。 动名词的否定形式是在前面加上not, never等否定词。

(一)做主语和表语。动名词短语用and连起来做主语时，谓语用复数形式。例如：

Fishing in this lake is forbidden. 这个湖里禁止钓鱼。

Going abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are two different things. 出国访问和在国外定居是两件不同的事情。

It seems that reading English is easier than speaking it.似乎读英语比说英语容易。

My favorite hobby is fishing/collecting stamps . 我最喜欢的爱好是钓鱼/集邮。

在It’s no use; It’s (no) good; It’s useless ; It’s (not) wise; It’s (not) worthwhile; It’s of great (no, little) importance 等习惯表达中，It为形式主语，而将做主语的动名词短语放在后面。例如：

It’s no use /good ringing her up now. 现在给她打电话没用了。

Is it worthwhile bargaining two hours for two cents? 为两分钱讲价两小时值得吗?

It’s wise trying again. 再试一次是明智的。

It is of great importance fighting against pollution. 制止污染有重要意义。

It is no use operating on the sick man. He should have been sent here early. 给这个病人做手术已经没用了。本应该早些把他送来。

It is no good smoking; you’d better give it up. 吸烟没好处，你最好戒掉。

(二)动名词短语作宾语。常用的能接动名词的动词有：admit承认，appreciate 感激，avoid 避免，advise 建议，can’t help 不禁，celebrate 庆祝，consider 考虑，complete 完成， contemplate沉思、打算，defer推迟，delay 延期，deny 否认，detest 痛恨，discontinue 停止， dislike不喜欢，dispute不同意，endure 忍耐，enjoy 喜欢， escape逃脱，excuse 原谅， fancy想象，feel like 想要， finish结束， 严禁，forgive 原谅，hinder 阻碍，imagine想象，keep 保持，mention 提到，mind 在意，miss 错过，pardon 饶恕、原谅，permit允许，postpone 推迟，practise 实践、练习，prevent 阻止， recall 回忆， report报告，resent 怨恨， resist抵制、阻止，risk冒险，stop 停止，suggest 建议，understand 明白、理解，等等。

例如：

He avoided giving me a definite answer. 他避免给我一个正确答案。

David suggested selling your dog and car to pay the debt. 戴维建议卖掉你的狗和车抵债。

(我们把这句话改为虚拟语气：David suggested that you (should) sell your dog and car to pay the debt. )

I couldn’t risk missing that train. 我可不敢冒误了那趟火车的险。

下列动词既可用动词不定式又可用动名词做宾语：

abhor憎恶，attempt 试图，begin 开始，cannot bear 无法忍受，cannot stand无法忍受，cease停止，continue，继续,，decline 拒绝，deserve值得，disdain蔑视，dread害怕，endure忍耐，forget忘记，hate 痛恨，intend打算，learn学，like 喜欢，loathe厌恶，love喜欢，mean意思是、意味着，need需要，neglect疏忽，omit省略，忽略，plan计划，prefer更喜欢，propose建议，regret后悔，remember记得，require需要，scorn蔑视、瞧不起，start开始，try尝试，努力，entail必须，involve涉及，necessitate使成为必要，等。以上多数动词用不定式或用动名词作宾语意思一样，个别不同。

(三)动名词短语作介词宾语的时候最多。尤其是在短语动词后面。如：

The children are fond of listening to pop music. 孩子们喜欢流行音乐。

Are you interested in going to the show? 你有兴趣去看演出吗?

Thomas insisted on doing it in his own way. 托马斯坚持按他自己的方法做这件事。

我们把这句话改为虚拟语气：Thomas insisted that he (should) do it in his own way.

Excuse me for interrupting you. 请原谅我打扰你，

责任编辑：李芳芳

篇2：语法系列讲座21 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

So careful is she in doing her job that she never makes mistakes. 她工作如此认真，从来不犯错误。 Involved in the problem are some teaching methods. 牵涉在这个问题中的是某些教学方法。

Written on the label is the model of the machine. 写在标签上的是机器的型号。 Very important in our lives is reading. 在我们生命中非常重要的是读书。 Still greater contributions should we make to promoting the friendship. 为促进友谊我们应当做出更大的贡献。 注意：如主语是代词，且无较长的修饰语时，即便表语提前也不倒装。 如： Terribly hot it certainly was. 天确实是太热了。 A very reliable person he is. 他是一个可靠的人。

(2)某些表示祝愿的句子倒装。 如： Long live the friendship among the Asian people and sportsmen! 亚洲各族人民和运动员之间的友谊万岁! May you return safe and sound. 祝你平安归来! May you succeed. 祝你成功。 May your country become rich and strong. 祝你的祖国繁荣强大。

(3)在以often, always, once, many a time, now and then, every other day, every two hours, thus (方式状语)，so (程度状语)，in the distance, in front of (地点状语)等开头的句子中，如果强调这些状语，就倒装;如果不想强调这些状语，就不倒装。 如： Often did we warn them not to do it. 我们经常警告他们别做这事。 Often had I intended to speak of it. 我曾经多次想谈及那件事情。 Many a time has he helped me with my experiment. 他不止一次帮我做实验。 Thus was the Emperor deceived. 皇帝就这样受骗了。 So busy is he that he has no time to spare. 他忙得抽不出一点儿时间。 So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. 光的传播太快了，我们很难想象它的速度。 In the distance was a tall tree. 远处有一棵大树。 翻译练习(地点状语放在句首，倒装)： 1)在那棵大树底下坐着一个老农民。 Under the big tree was sitting an old farmer. 2)教室的外面站着一个男孩。 Outside the classroom stood a boy.

3)农舍后面是一片稻田。 Behind the farmhouse was a rice field. 4)小山脚下有一个美丽的小湖。 At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.

(4)在直接引语后注明引语是什么人所说的句子里，主语是名词时，常用倒装结构;主语是代词时，往往不用倒装结构。 例如： “You all did well in the exam,” said the teacher. “你们大家考的都很好。”老师说。 “How is your mother?” asked her friend. “你母亲近况如何?”她的朋友问道。

“Let’s go,” suggested Mary. “我们走吧。”玛丽建议说。 “Nonsense!” shouted the man. “胡说!”那个人喊道。 “Whom are you looking for?” she asked. “你找谁?”她问道。 “Yes, I’m a new student,” he answered. “对，我是新生。”他回答说。

倒装句综合练习

1.把下列句子改写成倒装句，把括号里的词放在句首： Models: The lesson had hardly begun when the lights went out. (hardly) →Hardly had the lesson begun when the lights went out. It can’t be done in any other way. (in no other way) →In no other way can it be done. 1)They had never seen such a sight before. (never before) →Never before had they seen such a sight. 2)They had no sooner entered the theatre than the performance began. (no sooner) →No sooner had they entered the theatre than the performance began. 3)She will not do such a thing under any circumstances. (under no circumstances) →Under no circumstances will she do such a thing. 4)The lesson will not begin until everyone is seated. (not until) →Not until everyone is seated will the lesson begin. 5)I will on no account sign this document. (on no account) →On no account will I sign this document. 6)He wrote the letter so badly that I couldn’t read it. (so badly) →So badly did he write the letter that I couldn’t read it. 7)You will succeed only by working hard. (only) →Only by working hard will you succeed. 8)He seldom takes a holiday. (seldom) →Seldom does he take a holiday. 9)He not only advised me what to do; he also lent me the money. (not only) →Not only did he advise me what to do, he also lent me the money. 10)He hardly realizes how ill he is. (hardly) →Hardly does he realize how ill he is. 11)The old man didn’t say a word. (not a word) →Not a word did the old man say. 12)The soldiers didn’t utter a sound while the general was speaking. (not a sound) →Not a sound did the soldiers utter while the general was speaking. 13)I have hardly ever seen anyone so unhappy. (hardly ever) →Hardly ever have I seen anyone so unhappy. 14)I have rarely seen such a beautiful sunset. (rarely) →Rarely have I seen such a beautiful sunset. 15)He didn’t speak to us even once. (not even once) →Not even once did he speak to us.

2.用倒装结构翻译下列句子： 1)枪砰的一声响，鸟儿都飞了。 Crack went the gun and away flew the birds. 2)一群士兵突然冲进宅内。 Suddenly into the house rushed a group of soldiers. 3)他简直没有时间玩。 Scarcely could he find time for playing. 4)我们学校附近有一座高大的建筑。 Near our school there stands a high building. 5)我晚上很少一个人出去散步。 Seldom do I go for a walk in the evening by myself. 6)她几乎无法用言语来表达她的感激之情。 Hardly could she express her gratitude in words. 7)要是你早来一会儿，就赶上火车了。 Had you arrived a little earlier, you could have caught the train. 8)过了一个星期她才知道父亲去世了。 Only after a week did she know about her father’s death. 9)他不但勤奋，而且富有想象力。 Not only is he industrious, but he is also imaginative. 10)如果你听了他的劝告，你早就成功了。 Had you followed his advice, you would have succeeded.

it 用法小结

it 在英语中的意思较多，用法较广，现总结如下。

一、it作句子的真正主语

1.it 指前面已经提到过的人或事物，有时指心目中的或成为问题的人或事物，作真正主语。 例如： What’s this? -It is a sheep? 这是什么??这是一只绵羊。 Who is it? -It’s me (I). 谁??是我。 It’s the wind shaking the window. 是风刮得窗户响。

2.it指时间、季节。一般用在无人称动词的主语。 例如： What time is it? -It’s nine. 几点了??九点了。 It’s time for the meeting. Let’s go. 开会的时间到了，我们走吧。 What day is today? -It’s Saturday. 今天星期几??今天星期六。 What’s the date today? -It is October 1st. 今天是几号? ?今天是十月一日。 What season is it? -It is summer. 现在是什么季节??是夏季。

3.it 指气候。一般作无人称动词的主语。 例如： Is it cold in this room? -No, it isn’t. 屋里冷吗??不冷。 What’s the weather like today? -It is fine. 今天天气怎么样??是晴天。 It often rains in summer and it often snows in winter in this city. 这个城市夏天经常下雨，冬天经常下雪。

4.it指距离、情况等。一般用作无人称动词的主语。

篇3：语法系列讲座21 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

1. 由who, whom, whose引导的定语从句。这类定语从句中who用作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语。

This is the man who helped me.

The doctor (whom) you are looking for is in the room.

Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu?

在定语从句中，若先行词指人，其关系代词可用who, whom, 也可用that。

The girl who/that is speaking at the meeting is our monitor.

The boy (who/whom/that) you saw just now is my brother.

在下列情况下多用或须用 who

① 关系代词在从句中作主语时，多用who.

Do you know the man who spoke just now?

The doctor who treated me was very experienced.

②先行词为all, anyone, one, ones等时，多用who。

All who heard the news were excited.

Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished.

③先行词为those和people时多用who。

Those who want to go please sign their names here.

People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.

④在非限制性定语从句中作主语须用who，作宾语须用whom。

Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard.

Mr Green, whom you saw in the library yesterday, will teach us physics next term.

⑤在被分割的定语从句中须用who.

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.

⑥在以there be开头的句子中多用who.

There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster.

⑦一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词是that，另一个须用who。

The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is modest and studies very hard.

Whose引导的定语从句应注意以下几点：

① whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。

That’s the child whose father is an engineer.

② whose引导定语从句，其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。

Mr King, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital.

It was a meeting whose importance I didn’t realize at the time.

I saw a tree whose leaves were black with disease.

③ whose在定语从句中与它所修饰的名词一起可作介词的宾语，可以与介词放在先行词与从句之间。

The boss in whose department Mr King worked had heard about the accident.

Tom, on whose bike I went to school is a friend of mine.

④whose的先行词指物时, 可用of which代替, 但词序不同，即whose+名词=the +名词 +of which

The novel whose title( the title of which) is Red and Black is very interesting.

He lives in the room whose window( the window of which) faces south.

2 which引导的定语从句

which在从句中作主语或谓语动词或介词的宾语。

This is the book which you want.

The building which stands near the river is our school.

The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.

注意：whom, which作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上。介词放于前面时，作宾语的关系到代词不能省略。在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。

There was no single person the street to whom she could turn for help.

This is the person whom you are looking for.

3.由that引导的定语从句

that在定语从句中可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。但不能放在介词后面作宾语。

The letter (that) I received was from my father.

注意：在下面几种情况下必须用that 引导定语从句：

①先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。

All (that) we have to do is to practice every day.

② 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰。

The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.

③先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等修饰。

I have read all the books (that) you gave me.

④ 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, just修饰时。

He is the only person ( that) I want to talk to.

⑤先行词既有人又有物时。

They talked of things and persons (that) they remembered in the school.

⑥ 当主语是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句须用that，以免与先行词重复。

Who is the boy that was here just now?

Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?

⑦ 当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。

The village is no longer the one that it used to be.

4.as引导的定语从句

as 用作关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句，构成, the same …as…, such…as…, so…as…等结构。

I like the same book as you have.

I shall do it again in the same way as you did.

I want to have such a dictionary as he has.

注意：此处要注意定语从句和状语从句的区别。试比较：

Mr Chen gave us such a difficult question as nobody worked out.

Mr Chen gave us such a difficult question that nobody worked it out.

注意：①关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。

Those who are against the plan please sign your names here.

Anyone who breaks the law is to be punished.

Tom is one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday.

Tom is the one of the students who was praised by the teacher yesterday.

② 关系代词whom, which, that在限定性定语从句中作动词宾语或介词宾语，而该介词又位于从句末尾时，经常省略，但as一般不省略。

同位语从句与定语从句的区别：

① 从意义上：同位语从句对名词作补充说明或进行解释，而定语从句进行修饰，限定，相当于一个形容词的作用。

② 从结构上：同位语从句由连接代词/副词引导，最常用的连接词一般不省略，也不在从句中担任成分，而定语从句由关系代词/副词引导，在定语从句中作主语不能省略作宾语可省略。

③从涵义上：同位语从句与所说明解释的名词无逻辑关系，而定语从句所修饰的名词是该从句逻辑上的主、宾、表、定、状语等。例如：

The news that our team lost the game disappointed all of us.

The news that you told me yesterday is so disappointing.

④同位语从句对说明解释的名词有所限制，大多是一些表示抽象概念的名词，而定语从句所修饰限定的先行词无限制，即可指人，又可指物。

定语从句补充强化练习

1. The most important thing _______ we should pay attention to is the first thing _______I have said.

A. which; that B. that; which C. which; which D. that; that

2. She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons _______ none of us has ever heard of.

A. which B. who C. whom D. that

3. He never reads anything ________ is not worth reading.

A. which B. that C. who D. as

4. I have bought such a watch _________ was advertised on TV.

A. that B. which C. as D. it

5. The house ________ roof was damaged has now been repaired.

A. which its B. whose C. that he D. that

6. The pen ________ he writes is a Hero 60.

A. with it B. with which C. with what D. with whom

7. This is the very bus _________ we’ll go to the theatre.

A. in that B. what C. by which D. on which

8. He is the only one of the teachers __________ Spanish in our school.

A. who teaches B. who teach C. which teaches D. that teach

9. I’m not the person who _________ to be frightened by such a horrible scene.

A. am B. is C. are D. was

10. The girl I saw _______ brown hair and blue eyes.

A. had she B. she had C. has D. had

DDBCB BDABD

篇4：语法系列讲座21 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)

分类说明

名词是英语中的一种实词，用来表示人或事物名称。根据名词的意义和使用范围，可将名词分为普通名词和专有名词。

普通名词就是用来表示一般事物的名称的词，如：desk，dog，milk，bread。根据普通名词是否可数，又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词可细分为个体名词(如：man，woman)和集合名词(如：class，family，audience);不可数名词也可细分为物质名词(如：water，air)和抽象名词(如：pronunciation，revolution)。

可数名词有单、复数的变化，可用不定冠词和数词修饰，在学习中必须掌握名词单、复数规则及不规则的变化形式;集合名词既可作为整体，用作单数，也可作为个体而用复数形式，因此在集合名词充当句子的主语时，需特别注意后面谓语动词的形式。

不可数名词没有单、复数形式的变化，一般也不能用不定冠词或数词修饰。但有些不可数名词可转化为可数名词，意义却不同，如：paper(纸)一papers(试卷、报纸、文件)，water(水)一waters(江、河、湖泊中的水或水域)，work(工作)一works(著作、工厂)，air(空气)一airs(神气、架子、姿态)，tea(茶)一teas(茶叶种类)，wind(风)一winds(一阵阵的风);有些抽象名词也可具体化，其前面必须用不定冠词修饰.如：cold(冷)一have a cold(感冒)，look(swim，rest…)一have a look(swim，rest…)。

专有名词是指人、地点、单位、团体、书报、杂志、产品等特有的名称。它们一般没有人称和数的变化，也不用冠词修饰。但含有普通名词的专有名词、特指某个历史时期的专有名词或具有某方面特征的专有名词可用冠词修饰，如：Lei Feng-a Lei Feng in our class，America-the United States of America，China-the China you see today。

名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、补足语、定语和状语。作主语、宾语、表语及补足语时，都用普通格。而当用作定语时，表示中心词的材料、性质、用途、类别等时用普通格;表示名词间的所属关系时，用所有格。

普通格作定语又分三种情况：

1.名词一般用单数形式;

2.clothes，goods，parents，sports等名词一般要用复数形式;

3.man，woman修饰单数名词时，用单数形式，修饰复数名词时要用复数形式。

所有格作定语时，也有三种情况：

1.名词+ -S，一般表示有生命的名词，但现代英语中的时间、地点名词也可有这种用法;

2.of+名词，一般表示没有生命的名词;

3.of+名词+ -’S一般表示有生命的名词。

目前高考对名词的考查，纯语法方面的问题已经减少了，而主要考查名词的意义辨析以及名词跟其它词的搭配关系。如：“I don’t think it’s my _______that the TV blew up.I just turned it off，that’s a11.”said the boy.的选项A.error B.mistake C.fault D.duty就是考查词汇辨析;如：Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make ________ for our new students.中的选项A.place B.area C.space D.room就要根据与动词的搭配关系来确定。

因此，考生在了解词汇方面知识的同时，特别要注意名词的意义辨析、名词跟其它词的搭配关系这两方面的问题。

回放真题

真题1(2004甘肃、青海卷28)

The face of four famous American presidents on Mout Rushmore can be seen from a ________of 60 miles.

A，length B.distance C.way D.space

【答案及解析】B 选项A意思是：长度;B是：距离;C是：道路，方法;D是：空间，太空。根据句子的意思，答案选B，指离那儿60英里远的地方。

真题2(2004湖北卷21)

Don’t leave matches or cigarettes on the table within ______of little children.

A.hand B.reach C.space D.distance

【答案及解析】B 选项A是：支配，掌管;B意思是：够得着的地方;C是：空间;D是：距离。根据句意，答案选B。

真题3(2004浙江卷28)

-Brad was Jane’s brother!

一________ he reminded me so much of Jane!

A.No doubt B.Above all C.No wonder D.Of course

【答案及解析】c选项A的意思是：毫无疑问，表示肯定;B的意思是：首先，最重要的是，表示重要性;C的意思是：难怪，表示恍然大悟;D的意思是：当然，当然可以，表示同意。根据上下旬的意思，答案选C，表示对原来某现象突然弄明白了。

真题4(2004上海卷45)

The environmentalists said wild goats’ ________on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.

A.escape B.absence C.attendance D.appearance

【答案及解析】D escape：逃跑，absence：缺席，根据句子后面的good indication of the better environment可将A、B排除;attendance：出勤，一般指接受邀请或要求而主动参加，与题意不符，故只有appearance：出现，符合题意。句子意思为：环境学家说野山羊存大草原的出现说明环境变好了。因此，答案选D。

真题5(2004上海卷52)

In dealing with public relations，we should make every effort to prevent the ________in personality.

A.contact B.contrast C.connection D.conflict

【答案及解析】 D本题考查词义的区别。contact：接触，contrast：对比，connection：联系，conflict：冲突。句子的意思为：在处理公共关系时，我们应努力防止人格冲突。

真题6(2004上海卷53)

Chinese arts have won the ________ of a lot of people outside China.

A.enjoyment B.appreciation C.entertainment D.reputation

【答案及解析】 B enjoyment：满意，快乐;appreciation：欣赏、赏识;entertainment：娱乐;reputation：名声。根据句子的意思，答案应该选B，意思为：中国艺术享誉海外。

真题7(2004天津卷26)

I keep medicines on the top shelf，out of the children’s ________.

A.reach B.hand C.hold D.place

【答案及解析】 A选项A意思是：够得着的地方;B是：指示，掌管;C是：控制，照管;D是：地方。根据句意，目的是不让孩子们拿着，所以答案选A。

真题8(2004上海春季卷27)

The village is far away from her indeed：It’s ________walk.

A.a four hour B.a four hour’s C.a four.hours D.a four hours’

【答案及解析】D冠词、数词、量词和名词连用有两种形式：一种是a+数词+量词的名词所有格+名词，如果数词大于…1’，量词要用复数形式，如：a four miles’ journey;另一种是：a+数词.量词+名词，这时量词用单数形式。如：a four-mile walk。

真题9(北京卷29)

-I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke.1 was very tired.

-There is no ________for this while you are on duty.

A.reason B.excuse C.cause D.explanation

【答案及解析】B考查名词意义辨析。excuse理由、借口。说话人意为：你在值班的时候是没有任何理由出去的。reason原因;cause事情起因;explanation解释，与句意不符。

真题10(2003上海卷28)

The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took ________ pictures of them.

A.many of B.masses of C.the number of D.a large amount of

【答案及解析】 B many直接修饰可数名词，表很多;接介词of时，表部分，此时名词前需用定冠词the修饰。many修饰可数名词复数时不用of，故A不可选。number用来表示大量、很多时，应为a number of，故C不可选。a large amount of用来修饰不可数名词，而picture是可数名词，故D也不可选。B项masses of是非正式的表达方式，后跟可数名词。

真题1l(2003上海卷46)

“I don’t think it’s my ________that the TV blew up.I just turned it on，that’s all，”said the boy.

A.error B.mistake C.fault D.duty

【答案及解析】C error、mistake侧重于“错误”这一客观事实;而fault侧重于造成差错的主观责任;duty则是指责任、义务、该做的事。题中说电视坏了，这不是“我”的责任，也就是说“不是‘我’造成的”。

真题12(2003上海卷50)

One of the consequences of our planet’s being warming up is a(n) ________in the number of natural disasters.

A.result B.account C.reason D.increase

【答案及解析】D account作名词时意思为“原因;账户”;result意为“结果”;reason意为“理由，原因”;increase意为“增加”。原句是说地球升温造成的后果之一是“增加”了自然灾害的数量，故用increase。

真题13(2003上海卷52)

Life is tough in the city.In order to lose their _____，some people drink alcoho1.

A.temper B.mood C.consciousness D.pressures

【答案及解析】D lose one’s temper意为“发脾气”;mood意为“心境，情绪”;consciousness意为“清醒，意识”。第一句说“在城市生活很困难”，所以应是“为了缓解压力”。

真题14(2003北京春季卷28)

The manager has got a good business ________ so the company is doing well.

A.idea B.sense C.thought D.thinking

【答案及解析】 B idea指对某件具体事物的看法或想法;thought指某人处理问题的一整套思想体系;thinking指某人在某种特定情况下的思维或考虑，它们均不符题意。sense辨别力;鉴赏力。译文：这位经理有良好的商业意识，因此公司经营良好。

真题15(2003安徽春季卷25)

If you’re driving to the airport.Can you give me a ________?

A.hand B.seat C.drive D.1ift

【答案及解析】D give sb a lift是“免费搭私人车，坐他人顺路车”的意思.

真题16(2003安徽春季卷35)

Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make _______for our new students.

A.place B.area C.space D.room

【答案及解析】D place和area为可数名词，在句中不能单独使用，排除A、B;space和room可通用，指不确定的范围，可容下某物或达到某目的，但make通常跟room搭配。

真题17(上海春季卷21)

The ________ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.

A.bicycle’s shop B.bicycle shop

C.bicycles shop D.bicycles’ shop

【答案及解析】 B名词作定语可分两种情况，其一是表所属关系，常用’s或of+名词来表示;其二是表示中心词的性质、材料、类别或性别等时，一般直接用名次的单数形式，只有clothes，parents.goods.sports, sales等少数几个名词必须用复数形式，man和woman修饰单数名词时用单数形式，修饰复数名词时要用复数形式。此处指商店的性质，用单数形式。译文：自行车商店就在拐就处，你不会错过它。

真题18(2001上海春季卷22)

His daughter is always shy in ________ and she never dares to make a speech to ________.

A. the pubic; the public B. pubic; the public

C. the pubic; public D. pubic; public

【答案及解析】B in pubic 的意思是“在公众场合”; the public 意为“公众”

真题19(上海春季卷33)

What he has done is far from _______.

A. satisfactory B. satisfied C. satisfaction D. satisfy

【答案及解析】A 一般说来，介词后要接名词或相当于名词的词或短语做宾语。然而有些介词后接being + adj, being 可省略，这就出现了介词+ adj的情况。本句结构为：far from (being) satisfactory.