第一篇：关于英美文学范文
英美文学。
一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America
1.船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith
《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》
“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”
《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》
“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”
《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”
2.威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford and John Winthrop
《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”
3.约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop
《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”
4.罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams
《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”
或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》
Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”
5.安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet
《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》
”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America
二、理性和革命时期文学 The Literature of Reason and Revolution
1。本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin
※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”
《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”
2。托马斯•佩因Thomas Paine
※《美国危机》“The American Crisis”
《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”
《常识》“Common Sense”
《人权》“Rights of Man”
《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”
《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”
3。托马斯•杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson
※《独立宣言》
4。菲利浦•弗瑞诺Philip Freneau
※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle”
※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground”
※《致凯提•迪德》“To a Caty-Did”
《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy”
《夜屋》“The House of Night”
《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”
《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》
“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”
《札记》“Miscellaneous Works”
第二篇：英美文学
英国文学知识点梳理：
1.Renaissance: ( from 14th century to 17th century)
Definition: Renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period in Western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. An age of drama and poetry.
Reasons:the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astronomy, the religious reformation and economic expansion
Significance: a reflection of the class struggle waged by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology.
William Caxton—the first person who introduced printing into England.
Sonnet: originated in Italy, sonnet is a fourteen-line poem with a distinctiverhyme scheme and metrical pattern. It was introduced to England by Sir Wyatt in the early stage of English Renaissance and then further cultivated by Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare so as to produce respectively the Spenserian stanza and
Shakespearian stanza, both of which exerted great influence on the successing poets.Shakespearian Stanza: Shakespearean Sonnet is made up of three quatrains(四行诗节) with different rhymes, followed by a couplet. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. Spenserian Stanza: invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of 9 lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步& the last line in iambic hexameter抑扬格六音步, rhyming ababbcbcc.
blank verse—is unrhymed poetry with each line written in iambic pentamet Metaphysical Poetry:
Definition:The term is commonly used to name the work in the 17th century written by the writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.Representatives: John Donne & George Herbert
Technique: Peculiar/Metaphysical conceits(奇喻)
General Features: a. The diction is simple and echoes the words and cadence of
common speech.The imagery is drawn from the actual life yet subtle, the extended metaphors for such images are typically called “metaphysical/peculiar
conceits”. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s loved, with God, or with himself.
2.Neo-classic Period:
1)The Enlightenment Movement—The Age of Reason
Definition: The Enlightenment refers to a progressive intellectual movement
throughout Western Europe that spans approximately one hundred years from
1680s to 1789.
Purpose: to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and
artistic ideas.
2) Neoclassicism: (Main literary form—English Novels)
Definition: In literary criticism, this term refers to the revival of the attitudes and
styles of expression of classical literature. It is generally used to describe a period in
European history beginning in the late seventeenth century and lasting until about
1800.
Characteristics of Neoclassical Literature: fixed laws and rules for almost every
genre of literature. Prose: lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, each class
guided by its own principles. Drama: in Heroic Couplet; strictly observation of the 3
unity of time, space andaction; regularity in construction; type characters
rather than individuals. Mainstream of literature: realism—writers described the
social realities.
3.Romantic Period: (an age of poetry)
1) Romanticism
English Romanticism is said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of
Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with
Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the
Parliament.
2) Characteristics of the Age
The Romantic Age is emphatically an age of poetry.Women novelists appeared in this age. It was during this period that women assumed, for the first time, an important place in English literature. (Jane Austen)The greatest historical novelists Walter Scott belongs to this period. His
historical novels combines a romantic atmosphere with a realistic depiction of
historical background and common people’s life. Scott marked the transition
from romanticism to the period of realism that followed it.
4.The Victorian Period:
1) Victorian Literature
The novel became the most widely read and most vital and challenging
expression of progressive thought.
The Victorian age was also a great one for non-fictional prose.The poets of this period were mainly characterized by their experiment with
new styles and new ways of expression.
2) Critical Realism
English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 1840s and early 1850s.It found its expression mainly in the writing of novels and the greatest
English critical realist of the time was Charles Dickens—a humorist and
satirist, a great bourgoisie intellect who could not overstep the limits of
his class.The English critical realism of the 19th century not only gave a satirical
portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed
profound sympathy for the common people.
5.The Modern Period—marked by the publification of T. S. Eliot’s The Wast
Land: (Prevailing Genre: Fictions)
1) Cultural Background
Darwin’s Origin of Species and social Darwinism;Einstein’s theory of relativity; Freud’s
analytical psychology; irrational philosophers including Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and
Bergson.
2) The Differences Between Realism and Modernism:
Realism: Theoratical Base ---Rational PhilosophyFunction of Literature--- Educate
People and Criticize Social EvilsSubject--- Public, Exterior WorldConception of
Time &Space--- Clock Time, Geographic spaceForms and Techniques--- Hero, Plot
Tone--- Optimistic
Modernism: Theoratical Base --- Irrational PhilosophyFunction of Literature---
Expression of "Self"Subject--- Private, Interior World
Conception ofTime &Space--- Psychological Time &SpaceForms and Techniques---
Anti-hero, Anti-plot
Tone--- Pessimistic
Modernism is , in many aspects, a reaction against rationalism, it rose out of
skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. The Major theme of Modernism:
distoreted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society,
man and man, and man and himself.
Literary Trends: expressionism, surrealism(超现实主义), futurism, imagism and stream
of consciousness, existentialsm.
美国文学
1. Literature of Colonial Period
a. Indian tribes had a rich store of oral literature in the forms of songs, spells, charms,
omens ,riddles and stories.
b. Three stages: Traditional literature, Transitional Literature, Modern Literaturec. The first permanent English settlement was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.
d. Puritanism :Origin of Puritan
Doctrines:based on Calvinism1)predestination2)original sin and total depravity
3)limited atonement4)theocracy
Influence on American Literature 1)Its optimism has exerted a great influence on
American literature2)Puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception changed
gradually into a literary symbolism
e. Literature of Colonial Settlement: Forms: histories, travel account, biographies,
diaries, letters, autobiographies, sermons and poems. Characteristics:1) American
colonial literature is neither real literature nor American. 2) Their writings served either
God or colonial expansion
2. The Literature of the Revolutionary Period:
a. The Age of Reason: Definition:A rational society is that “reforms the mind,
sweetens the temper, cheers the spirits, and promotes health”(by Thomas
Jefferson).
b. The forms of literature: ballads, skits, broadsides, newspaper poems, editorials,
essays, private and public letters, satires, pamphlets
3. The Literature of the Romantic Period
1) American Romanticism: an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe
in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on
the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and
forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.
native factors: It is a period following American independence.(Political independence,
economic development and territorial expansion contributed much to literature.
foreign influence: Romanticism emerged from England and it added impetusto the
growthof Romanticism in America.
2) Distinct Features of American Romanticism
a. It was in essence the expression of a real new experience
b. American Puritanism served as a cultural heritage in American literature. c. American new ideals were strong enough to inspire Romantic spirit
d. both imitative & independent
4.The Literature of the Realistic Period:
a. Realism:is a term applied to literary composition that aims at an prejudice, idealism, or romantic color.
b. Time:Realism flourished from the Civil War to the turn of the century.
c. Features: (1) It stresses truthful treatment of material. (2) Characterization is the center of the story. (3) Open ending is a good example of the truthful treatment of material. (4) Realism focuses on common characters and everyday events. (5) Realism emphasizes objectivity. (6) Realism presents moral vision.
d. Two Literary Trends:
1)Local Color(or Local Corlorism/Regionalism etc.)
a. Local Color is a term applied to literature which, asthat have escaped standardizing cultural influences
b. Features: Presenting a locale which is distinguished from the outside world; Describing the exotic and the picturesque; Nostalgia; Showing things as they are; The influence of setting on character(environmental determinism)
2) Naturalism:
a. Background: 1) Darwinism’s key points: the struggle for existence or evolution, the survival of the fittest, natural selection. 2) SocialDarwinism: the weak and stupid would fall victim in the natural course of events to economic forces.
b. Definition: Naturalism is a critical term applied to the method of literary
composition
c. Features:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment. The universe is cold, godless, indifferent, and hostile to human desires.
The literary naturalists have a major difference from the realists. (Violent, sensational, sordid, unpleasant and ugly vs. genteel)
5. The Literature of the Modernist Period:
1). Modernism:
Cultural Background: Darwin’s Origin of Species; Freud’s analytical psychology(libido, id, ego, superego); Irrational Philosophers: Schopenhauer & Nietzsche
Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th-century traditions.
2) Imagism:(Leaders: Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell)
Definition: Imagism is the doctrine and poetic practice of a small but influential group of American and British poets calling themselves imagists between 1912 and 1917. Aiming at a new clarity and exactness in the short lyric poem, the imagists cultivated concision and directness, building their short poems around single images; they also preferred looser cadences to traditional regular rhythms.
Features: Free choice of subject matter, Free verse, Image Without interpretation or comment
Influences: a. The imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words as possible. This new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry. b. The second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse. There are no metrical rules. There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life itself. That is art of the poem. (The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clusters.)
2)The Lost Generation:
.first used by Gertrude Stein, an American woman writer, who was one of the leaders of the group,the term defines a sense of moral loss or aimlessness. The WWI destroyed the innocent ideas, many good young men went to the war and died, or
returned damaged, both physically and mentally; their moral faith were no longer valid--- they were “Lost.”
In the Narrow Sense: a group ofAmerican writers, including Hemingway,
F.S.Fitzgerald, J.Dos Passos, E.E.Cummings, Sherwood Anderson, and Hart Crane, etc.
In the Broad Sense: the entire post WWI American young generation
Main Characteristics: Suffering from the war, losing beliefs, being cut off from life, indulged in drinking and partying.
第三篇：英美文学
A summery of first two lessons
From the previous classes, we've essentially get an brief idea of some basic knowledge about the United Kingdom. The main knowledge points can be concluded as follows:
The full name of the complicated country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Britain is no longer an imperial country, though its past has huge effects. The two main effects respectively lie in Britain'international relationships and the make-up of the British population.
UK, as a multiracial society, has the remarkable class regional and economic differences.
London, the capital and the largest city, is dominant in the UK in all fields. England, the largest in geography and population of the four nations, dominant in culture and economy.
A British invasions history which experiences from stages.
Scotland, the most confident of its own identity, has spent a history as a unified state independent of the UK.
Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish parliament.
A brief introduction to Wales.
Northern Ireland has an active cultural life but has its problems because of the conflicts and the influence of UK.
Irish desires for an indepent Irish state all the time, therefore issues accurred in frequent succession. The Home Rule Bill, the East Rising of 1916 and the Sinn Fein Party made Irish independent.
There exists religious conflicts between the Irish and the British because of the ethnical distinction.
British government organised a partition of Ireland as a compromise.
More violent campaign, IRA's violence and Bloody Sunday.
In order to halt the terrible conflicts, Ireland and Great Britain aim to cooperate with each other and arrive at a resolution. Finally, the Good Friday Agreement was emerged.
Learning first two lessons has laid a good foundation for our further study on the following lessons. I'm looking forward to comprehend more knowledge about British politics, economy, culture and foreign relations and so on.
第四篇：英美文学简史
新词
Chapter 1 the making of England
第一页
Primitive原始社会的
Clustering 丛 团
Hut茅草屋
Vitality生命力
Invade侵入
Occupy占有
Chieftain首领
Subjugate征服
Refinement改良
Christianity基督教christian 基督教的 第二页
Swarm大群人
Pirate海盗
Dialect方言
Kinship王权
Compose1写、创作(乐曲、歌剧等)2组成Booty战利品
Amusement娱乐
Democracy民主
Incompatible合不来的
Gemtile非犹太的
Territory领土
Feudalism封建制
Heathen不信教的、异教徒
第三页
Monastery修道院
Monk修士、僧侣
Chapter2
Relic遗风
Preserve保护
Minstrel(中世纪)游方诗歌演唱者 Fragmentv、n 碎片 片段
Devour吞食
Grapple (with)扭住(对手)扭打格斗 Avail(against sb) 抵挡
Combat格斗 搏斗 战斗
Retreat撤退 退却
Rejoice高兴
Avenge伸冤
Counseller顾问
Plunge猛进入38个单词1
第四页
Trophy奖品 战利品
Den穴
Belche喷(火) forth its fire
Bid说=say
Envelope包围 包住
Impenetrable不可穿越的forest
Marsh沼泽
Superstitious迷信的
Marvellous
第五页
Alliteration
Consonant
Metaphor
Attendant
Condemn
Tinge
Permanent
Chapter3
viking
plunder
prose
第六页
confescate
bestow
patch
baron
vassal
oath
secure
property
manifestation
supremacy
chronicle
prominent
dominent
intermingle
tend
bishop
archbishop
abbot
toil
第七页
sustain奇妙的 头韵 辅音 隐喻 侍者 责备 淡的色调或痕迹a tinge of 永久的 北欧海盗掠夺散文没收赠与小块土地男爵封臣誓言保护资产显示至高无上编年史的 突出的最突出的、占支配地位的混合照管主教大主教 男修道院长辛苦工作 支撑41个单词
2courageous勇敢的heretics犯异端罪的人perish毁灭
plague瘟疫
poll-tax人头税
impose对()课税
pauperize贫穷
slogan口号 格言】
sermon讲道
bondage
velvet
stuff
ornament
ermine
spices
rye
manor
pomp
sovereign
第八页
remonstate
oppressor
treacherously
apeal
prevail
verse
tournament
code
moral
chivalry
apprenticeship
solemn
cycle
第九页
rim
culmination
collapse
patronize
charge
fabricate
illicit
convert
第十页
Masterpiece奴役天鹅绒布料 装饰 貂皮 貂香料黑麦庄园浮华最高统治者抗议。报复受压迫的背叛的 不忠的恳求 呼吁流行的诗体比赛、武士骑马比赛密码。道德标准道德的骑士精神学徒身份1表情严肃的2庄重的3隆重的正式的1循环周期2系列(如组歌或组诗)边缘结局 结果倒塌赞助 支持控告编造不正当的改变形式或用途名著 杰作41单词
3Vivid鲜明的
Amuse是某人消遣 第十一页
Chapter4
Amid在()当中 Barren贫瘠的 Scanty不足的 Industriously勤劳的 Plough耕田 Idler
Exposure
Parasite
Deacon
Preach
Flock
Leap
Clerk
Despoil
Cardinal
Virtues
Friar
Hermit
Altar
Roamer
Manor
Hood
Plead
Mete
Mist
Mutter
Aught=anything
Sum up
Confer
Sternly
Counsel
无工作(的人) 暴漏揭露寄生物、靠他人生存的人会吏、助祭布道仪仗队1跳跃2冲。窜 1文书、办事员2(议会法院等)书记员、秘书4教士牧师掠夺sth 红衣主教 1美德2.(女子)贞操 托钵修士 隐士、隐居修道士祭桌 慢步行走的人领地 风帽 提出(理由或借口) 给与(奖励) 雾气 咕哝(某事)、低语声 形成对()的看法 1(with sb)(on/about sth)讨论、探讨、商谈、请教2sth(on sb)授予某人(学位或头衔) 严厉的 建议
第五篇：英美文学4
Shakespeare’s Later Works, Poems and Features of his Dramap.85—89
1. Shakespeare’s plays written between _____ are sometimes called “romances” and all end in reconciliation and reunion.
A. 1590 and 1594B. 1595 and 1600 C. 1601 and 1607D. 1608 and 1612 D
2. Miranda is a heroine in Shakespeare’s ______. A. Pericles
B. Cymbeline
C. The Winter’s Tale
D. The Tempest
D
3. Shakespeare’s narrative poem, Venus and Adonis, is full of vivid images of the ____________, and aphorisms (格言、警句) on life. 4. In _____ appeared Shakespeare’s Sonnet. Never before Imprinted.(《莎士比亚十四行诗》“迄今从未刊印过”)which contains 154 sonnets.
A. 1606B. 1607
C. 1608D. 1609
D
5. Shakespeare’s sonnets are divided into three groups: Numbers 1—17, Numbers 18—126, and
Numbers 127—154.
T
6. Shakespeare’s sonnets are written for variety of virtues.
T
7. Shakespeare is one of the founders of ____. A. romanticism
B. realism
C. naturalism
D. classicism
B
8. Engels said “Realism implies, besides truth in detail, the truthful reproduction of typical characters under typical circumstances.”
T
9. Shakespeare’s dramatic creation often used the method of ____________________.
10. Shakespeare’s drama becomes a monument of the English _____________.
11. Shakespeare wrote about his own people and for his own time.
T
12. Shakespeare was a _________________ for play-writing.
13. Shakespeare’s one play contains one theme. F
(…contains more than one theme)
14. To reproduce the real life, Shakespeare often combines the majestic with the funny, the poetic with the prosaic(散
文体的) and tragic with the comic.
T
15. Shakespeare’s ___________ people represent all the complexities and implications of real life.
16. Engels called Shakespeare’s plays the “Shakespearean vivacity(活泼、快活) and wealth of (大量的) action”. T 17. Shakespeare was a great ________ of the English language.
18.Among many poetic forms, Shakespeare was especially at home (good at) with the _______.
A. dramatic blank verse
B. song
C. sonnet
D. couplet
A
19. In the plays, Shakespeare used about
______words.
A. 15000
B. 16000
C. 17000
D. 18000
B
20. _____has been called the summit of the English Renaissance.
A. Christopher Marlow
B. Francis Bacon
C. W. Shakespeare
D. Ben Johnson
C