微积分下期末考试试题

2024-05-05

微积分下期末考试试题（共6篇）

篇1：微积分下期末考试试题

一、给拼音娃娃找汉字朋友(26分)

dúshū

zhīdào

shìjiè

hǎoduō

qímiào

shìqíng

我们在学校____、可以_____各地_____的_____。

liànxí

shuōhuà

shíjiān

xiàohuà

kèkǔ

mǎnyì

xìngfú

课堂上，老师让我们____写字、____，有____还给我们讲_______。我们____学习，家长____，我们也很____。

二、给拼音娃娃找汉字朋友组词。(4分)

tǎo<

{

逃(逃跑)

桃(桃花)

kē<

{

()

cǎi<

{

()

三、我会选字填空(10分)

到道

1.我知()中午()婆婆家吃饭。

像象

2.大()的腿()四根柱子。

支只枝

3.树()上有一()小鸟在唱着一()歌。

报包抱

4.小朋友背着书()去学校()名，然后()着书到教室。

四、火眼金睛，辩字组词(6分)

{

跳()

逃()

挑()

{

坡()

披()

波()

{

猫()

描()

苗()

{

快()

块()

决()

五、看你连得对不对(10分)

明亮的音符轻轻地生活

跳动的医生仔细地说话

著名的眼睛幸福地写字

奇妙的花朵微笑地探索

美丽的世界不断地点头

六、根据读音组词(6分)

行<

{

xíng()

háng()

空<

{

kōng()

kòng()

少<

{

shǎo()

shào()

七、给带点的字选出正确的音节(6分)

可能(néngléng)

灯光(dēngdēn)

白纸(zhǐzǐ)

光荣(róngyóng)

吃饭(fànhuàn)

河水(héhuó)

高兴(xìngxìn)

好奇(hǎohào)

洒水(shǎsǎ)

八、对一对(10分)

例：天对地

方对严寒对

雾对春暖对

雪对山清对

桃对朝霞对

柳对和风对

九、照样子写一写(3分)

美美满满足心满意足

发 _____ _____ _____

十、我会补充句子，加上标点。(6分)

1.西瓜真啊

2.和是好朋友

3.你吗

十一、我会把下面的词语组成一句通顺的话。(2分)

热爱的我们祖国自己

_____________________________________

十二、照样子写句子(6分)

学习在我灯下刻苦地

例：我在灯下刻苦地学习。

在灯下，我刻苦地学习。

小鸟枝头在欢快唱歌地上

_____________________________________

十三、背一背古诗，并写下来。(5分)

寻隐者不遇

(唐)______

_____________，______________。

十四、我会说，我会写。(4分)

爸爸妈妈不在家，陌生人来了，我说

_____________________________________

十五、我会读，我会做(7分)

我们村种了许多果树。

春天果树开花了。梨树开花了，苹果树也开花了。我们村成了花园。

秋天，果子熟了。梨熟了，苹果熟了。我们村成了果园。

1.第二自然段有______句。

2.我们村种的果树有两种，用――画出来。

3.春天我们村像_____，秋天像____。

4.我知道一年有春___秋___四季。

以上是小编为你准备，希望你会喜欢!

[一年级语文下期末考试题]

篇2：微积分下期末考试试题

一填空题。（第11小题3分，其余的一空一分，共20分）

1、把499000000改写成以“亿”为单位的数是（）。2、5平方米8平方分米=（）平方米10.1吨=（）千克

10厘米5毫米=（）厘米2元5分=（）元

3、当B、C都不等于0时，A÷B÷C=A÷()

4、把0.36扩大到100倍再把小数点向左移动一位后是（）。

5、把0.126的小数点向右移动两位是（），把（）的小数点向左移动三位是0.0068。

6、一个直角三角形中,一个锐角是55°,另一个锐角是（）。

7、在小鹿的一侧插彩旗（两端都插），每隔5米插一面，一共插了20面，这条小路长（）米。

8、根据三角形内角和是180°，求出下面两个图形的内角和。

梯形（）度，五边形（）度。

9、由4个

一、8个十分之一和6个千分之一组成的数是（），读作（）。

10、一个两位小数四舍五入后是9.5，这个两位小数最大是（），最小是（）。

11、将0.58、5.8、5.08、0.508、0.558这五个数按由大到小的顺序排列，依次是（）。

二、判断题。（对的打“√”，错的打“×”）（每空1分，共10分）

1、0和任何数相乘都得0，0除以任何数都得0。（）

2、35×（7×3）＝35×7＋35×3。（）

3、三条边分别是4厘米、4厘米、8厘米的三角形是一个等腰三角形。（）

4、小数点的后面添上零或去掉零，小数的大小不变。（）

5、7.05和7.0599保留一位小数都是7.l。（）

6、等腰三角形都是等边三角形。（）

7、大于2.4而小于2.6的一位小数只有一个。（）

8、0.58和0.580的大小相等，计数单位也相等。（）

9、甲在乙的东偏南40°方向上，还可以说成南偏东50°的方向上。（）

10、盒子里有6个白球，3个红球，3个黑球，摸到红球和黑球的可能性相等。（）

三、选择题。（每空2分，共20分）

1、两个锐角均为60度的三角形是（）。

A、锐角三角形B、钝角三角形C、等边三角形

2、下列数中与10最接近的数是（）。

A、9.98B、10.101C、10.053、a×b的一个因数乘10，另一个因数也乘10，得到的积等于（）。

A、原来的积乘100B、原来的积乘20C、原来的积乘104、下面可以用乘法分配律进行简便计算的算式是（）

A、（125＋90）×8B、52×25×4C、7.6十1.25＋2.45、下面各数中不要读出“零”的数是（）

A、807.17B、270.05C、400.616、下面各数中把“0”去掉大小不变的是（）

A、7.05B、70.55C、7.5507、2.3到2.6之间有个（）小数。

A、3B、30C、无数

8、把一个小数的小数点先向右移动一位，再向左移动三位，原数（）。

A、扩大10倍B、缩小10倍C、缩小100倍

9、把一根木料锯成3段用了3分钟。如果把这根木料锯成5段要（）分钟。

A、5B、6C、7.510、两个完全一样的等腰直角三角形，能拼成（）

A、长方形B、正方形C、平行四边形

四、计算题。（第1题6分，第二题，12分，共18分）

1、口算。

0.38+0.06=64.2+5.7=72÷9×7=

0.97-0.09=12.8-9.86=17.05-4.58 =

3.5+0.6=5-0.15=4.35+5.36=

0÷78=2.05÷100=0.093×100＝

2、计算,能简算的要简算。

200-（132+1080÷36）4.7+9.69-5.4699×39+39

520-3000÷75×672×1255000÷8÷12

5五、动手操作题。（共7分）

友谊小区2002 ～2006年每百户居民电脑平均拥有量如下图。

⑴ 友谊小区2002～2006年每百户居民电脑平均拥有量一共增加了（）台。⑵（）年到（）年这一年电脑平均拥有量增长的幅度最小。

（）年到（）年这一年电脑平均拥有量增长的幅度最大。

⑶ 根据图中的信息预测，2007年友谊小区每百人电脑平均拥有量大约（）台。

六、解决问题。（每题5分，共25分）

1、学校新购进3600册图书，要分给全校的一至六年级，每个年级有4个班，平均每班分多少本？

2、小兰的妈妈带50元钱去买菜，买荤菜用去28.75元，买素菜用6.35元。还剩多少元钱？

3、冬冬体重38千克，表弟体重是他的一半，而爷爷体重是表弟的4倍。爷爷体重是多少千克？

4、修路队修一段公路，第一周修了6天，平均每天修100米。第二周准备再修4天完工，平均每天修120米，这段公路长多少米？

5、动物园推出“一日游”的活动价两种方案：

方案一：成人每人150元；儿童每人60元，方案二：团体5人以上（包括5人）每人100元。

篇3：八年级下期末自测题

从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择可以填入空白处的最佳答案。(每小题1分,共20分)

()1.No one can help you all the time.You should be______control of your life.

A.for B.at C.on D.in

()2.There was something wrong with his car and he repaired it______himself.

A.on B.to C.by D.with

()3.The hotel provides a shoe cleaning service______guests.

A.for B.from C.on D.with

()4.We lost the game______everyone played well.

A.when B.because C.until D.although

()5.The rain beat_______her face as she walked through the wind and rain.

A.at B.against C.in D.from

()6.He is creative.He’s going to turn his car_____a playroom for the children.

A.with B.into C.in D.from

()7.Mr.Green is a kind man.He always tries his best to help______weak.

A.a B.the C.an D.不填

()8.The apartment my parents live in is about 360 square feet_______size.

A.for B.on C.in D.at

()9.When I got to my apartment,I saw my son running_____me happily.

A.around B.with C.toward D.about

()10.Liu Jing’s mother is very kind and she often speaks_______a kind way.

A.for B.by C.in D.of

()11.We have shirts in different colors______40 yuan each.

A.of B.with C.for D.at

()12.We regard Amy______one of the most successful fi lm actresses.

A.to B.with C.as D.of

()13.______have you lived in the countryside?

—Since fi ve years ago.

A.How soon B.How long C.How often D.How much

()14.______we grow up,our parents get older.

A.Unless B.Although C.As D.While

()15.Her own twelve pictures sold very well,______to friends and family.

A.usually B.Mostly C.Hardly D.recently

()16.She hasn’t_____decided if she will come or not.Let’s wait for her answer.

A.already B.yet C.ever D.never

()17.During his second day Edward looked_____more tired than on his fi rst day.

A.even B.quite C.only D.pretty

()18.We have different opinions______the matter.

A.about B.of C.in D.at

()19.Stop_______—you’re giving me a headache!

A.shouting B.shout C.to shout D.shouted

()20.It’s_______—I’m sure I locked the front door just now but now it’s open.

A.strange B.Useful C.Simple D.crazy

二、情景交际

(一)根据对话内容,从方框中选择恰当的选项补全对话,其中有两项多余。

A:Hi,Ken.You don’t look very good.(21)______

B:I have a cold.

A:Why don’t you go home?

B:I can’t.(22)______But I don’t feel well.

A:Talk to Carol.She will understand.

B:OK.(23)______

A:Feel better soon!

(In Carol‘s offi ce)

B:Hi,Carol.Can I ask for leave(请假)?

C:What’s wrong,Ken?(24)______

B:No.But I have a sore throat.

C:(25)______You can go home.

B:Thanks,Carol.But I’m sorry I can’t fi nish the work today.

C:Don’t worry about your work.Go home and get better!

A.Do you have a sore throat?

B.I have too much work to do.

C.Should I take some medicine?

D.You probably have a cold.

E.What’s the matter with you?

F.I will go to her offi ce now.

G.Do you have a fever?

(二)根据对话内容,在空白处填上恰当的句子,使对话完整、通顺。

A:Mark,I plan to volunteer to work in the old people’s home.Are you interested in it?

A:This Saturday.The weather will be fi ne.

(In the old people’s home)

A:Oh,the house is in a mess(杂乱不堪)!

B:(27)_______________________?

A:You should clean out these old boxes fi rst.

B:OK.This cleaning job is so easy.What’s Rob’s job?

A:He is cleaning the whole living room.The lights,the floor...everything!

B:(28)_______________________?

A:Yes.I will help him.

(In the living room)

A:Rob,how is your cleaning going?

C:Not very well.I still have a lot to do.

A:I can help you.(29)_______________________?

C:You just need to clean the fl oor.

A:OK.I can fi nish that quickly.

C:And one more thing!

A:(30)_______________________?

C:Can you play some music?We can listen to music while we clean.

三、完形填空

先通读下面的短文,掌握其大意,然后从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择可以填入空白处的最佳答案。(每小题1分,共10分)

Do you know who played the role of Superman in the fi lm Superman?He was Christopher Reeve,a(n)31,and he was famous for his performance in the movie.

Like Superman,Christopher Reeve was afraid of nothing.He was good at fl ying planes,riding horses and many other activities.But32changed(改变)in 1995.When riding a horse,he fell and33himself badly.The doctors thought it was34for him to live long.Reeve even thought of35his life to end everything.36,when he thought of his family,he knew he couldn’t.From then on,he began to37for his life.

At the end of 1995,he left hospital.Soon after that,he felt he was ready to face the world again.He wanted to tell people no matter38problems they had,they shouldn’t give up.He began to make speeches,and they helped lots of people39body problems.

He also went back to work and made his first film,In the Gloaming.Although he lost control of his body,he still had his40and his dream.He was,and would always be Superman!

()31.A.expert B.actor C.reporter D.visitor

()32.A.something B.anything C.everything D.nothing

()33.A.hurt B.lost C.turned D.sent

()34.A.available B.serious C.diffi cult D.useful

()35.A.looking up B.coming up C.making up D.giving up

()36.A.However B.Certainly C.Hardly D.Again

()37.A.look B.fi ght C.serve D.wait

()38.A.when B.which C.that D.what

()39.A.in B.for C.with D.of

()40.A.reason B.culture C.trouble D.spirit

Dear Deborah,

Thanks to you,we are able to have a comfortable“home”for our children to live and learn in this year.Last Monday,Michael and his sister,Janet,celebrated Michael’s 9th birthday41cake and cards in the nice place.There was a look of joy on their lovely42.

Thank you for your kind gift of$1,000 to Children’s Residential Services of Greater Boston.For the homeless children like Michael and Janet in our center,your kindness makes a43to them.

With your help,we’ll buy new computers for our children in a day or two.The children can’t44to use the computers to do their homework and talk with their friends!

The computers are part of our Excellence in Service Campaign that will make our“home”even45for Michael,Janet and their new friends.

We would love you to visit our“home”,46you can meet our children.We love to show you around our“home”,and the children enjoy47visitors.One or two might even show you48they can do with their new computers.

Janet Teebs,our development director(负责人),is always49to set up a visit for you,or to answer any question you may have.Please50her at 520-446-0912,or e-mail her at janetteebs@CRS.com.

Again,thank you for all you did for our children.You are a part of their lives too.

Sincerely,

Malcolm Wexter

Executive Director

()41.A.for B.on C.about D.with

()42.A.eyes B.faces C.hearts D.mouths

()43.A.decision B.message C.difference D.problem

()44.A.wait B.try C.remember D.choose

()45.A.dirtier B.Noisier C.nicer D.bigger

()46.A.so B.unless C.until D.or

()47.A.organizing B.training C.meeting D.controlling

()48.A.what B.when C.how D.why

()49.A.busy B.upset C.welcome D.available

()50.A.hear B.call C.watch D.write

四、阅读理解(每小题2分,共60分)

One cold Sunday,Mariko and her dad were walking to the store.

“I’m tired of winter,”said Mariko.

Dad waved(挥手)at their neighbor.“I know Mr.Hill hopes spring will come too.”

Mr.Hill was sitting and enjoying the sun in his garden(花园).He waved,and Mariko waved back.

“Mr.Hill loves his garden,”said Mariko.Mr.Hill had the most beautiful spring fl ower garden.It was full of daffodils(黄水仙).

Dad said,“Yes,he does.And because he is old,it is hard for him to go outside in winter.”

At the store,Mariko helped Dad choose milk,bread and carrots.

“You may choose something for yourself,Mariko,”said Dad.

At first Mariko thought apples would taste good.But then something else caught her eye,“Oh,Dad,look,daffodils!”

“Is that something you want?”asked Dad.

“Yes!”Mariko said happily.

Mariko couldn’t stop looking at her daffodils all the way home.But when she got to Mr.Hill’s house,she stopped,“Maybe I could...”

“Wait here,Dad,please,”she said.“I’ll be right back.”

Mariko ran to Mr.Hill and gave him the daffodils.

“What a wonderful winter surprise!”said Mr.Hill.“You have brought me spring!”

根据材料内容选择最佳答案。

()51.What did Mariko and her father do on Sunday?

A.They did some shopping.B.They worked in the garden.

C.They visited their neighbors.D.They helped Mr.Hill pick fl owers.

()52.What did Mariko and her father NOT bring home?

A.Apples.B.Carrots C.Milk D.Bread

()53.Mariko chose daffodils probably because______.

A.they were colorful B.her mother liked them

C.her garden needed new fl owers D.the fl owers made her think of spring

()54.From the story,we know that Mariko______.

A.disliked shopping B.liked daffodils best

C.was popular with her neighbors D.was kind and thought of others

()55.What is the best title of the story?

A.A shopping day B.A winter surprise

C.Beautiful fl owers D.Spring and winter

“Mom,you won’t believe what Anna’s grandfather bought her for her birthday!”shouted Michelle.

“What?”asked Mom.

“A horse,”said Michelle.“Can I have one for my birthday?”

“No,Honey!I’m sorry but we don’t have enough money,”said Mom.

Michelle walked to her room.The phone rang(响起铃声),and Michelle answered.

“Will you get one for your birthday?”asked Anna.“We can ride them together.”

“No,”said Michelle.“Mom said we don’t have enough money.”

“Oh.Er...I have to feed Sir Charles.See you tomorrow,”said Anna.

“Maybe I can help Anna feed Sir Charles,”thought Michelle.She picked up the phone,but her mom was on the phone.

“That would be wonderful.I think she’ll enjoy the riding lessons,”said Mom.

Michelle even didn’t hear her mom walk in the room.

“Honey,I want to talk to you,”said Mom.

Michelle put the phone down.“I didn’t mean toeavesdrop.I was going to call Anna,”said Michelle.

“So you heard about the riding lessons?”asked Mom.

“Yes,”said Michelle.

“I don’t have enough money to buy a horse,but I thought you’d like to learn to ride it.Mrs.Mayberry gives lessons every Saturday.She said you and Anna could be in the same class.I know it’s not the same as having your own horse,but...”said Mom.

“It’s better,”said Michelle.

“Why?”asked Mom.

“Anna has to feed Sir Charles every day.It takes lots of time,”said Michelle.

“So you’re satisfi ed?”asked Mom.

“Of course.It’s the best birthday gift ever,”said Michelle.

根据材料内容选择最佳答案。

()56.Michelle’s mom didn’t agree to buy her a horse because______.

A.she didn’t like horses

B.a horse needed too much money

C.Michelle didn’t have time to care for a horse

D.it was dangerous for Michelle to ride a horse

()57.Sir Charles was______.

A.a horse B.a dog C.Anna’s grandfather D.Michelle’s grandfather

()58.The underlined word“eavesdrop”in the passage means“_____”in Chinese.

A.抱怨B.放弃C.偷听D.拒绝

()59.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A.Michelle didn’t like feeding horses.

B.Anna wanted Michelle to help her feed her horse.

C.Anna’s father bought her a horse for her birthday.

D.Michelle would learn to ride a horse from Mrs.Mayberry.

()60.What’s the best title of the passage?

A.A telephone call

B.Anna and Michelle

C.How to ride a horse

D.The best birthday gift

Dear Tommy,

I’m in Paris now!Mom,Sally and I came here to visit my uncle.We are having a wonderful time.Dad didn’t come because his company(公司)sent him to work in Japan last month.He will have to stay there until November.

For Sally and me,it’s our first time to come to France.We are so excited!Last week Mom went to different shows alone.She used to study in Paris,so she knows the city well.Sally and I visited many interesting places with Aunt Susan.Although we can’t speak French,it’s OK.Aunt Susan and Uncle Tyler can speak both French and English.

Yesterday afternoon,Mom,Sally and Aunt Susan stayed home cooking dinner.Uncle Tyler took me fi shing.We drove for an hour and fi nally arrived at his favorite lake.First,we walked around the lake looking for a good place to fi sh.Uncle Tyler said we should fi sh from the top of a large rock.

I was so interested in catching a fi sh that when I threw my fi shing line and hook(鱼钩)out,the rod(鱼竿)went with them!Uncle Tyler got my rod out of the lake.Then he said that next time,I should wait until he put bait(鱼饵)on the hook.

We fi shed for two hours and my uncle caught four fi sh.He is a fantastic fi sherman.The only thing I caught was a cold.I can’t wait to go again soon,so I can become a great fi sherman like him.

Yours,

Frank

根据材料内容选择最佳答案。

()61.Frank’s father went to Japan to______.

A.work B.study C.take a holiday D.visit his brother

()62.Who CANNOT speak French?

A.Susan and Tommy B.Sally and Susan.

C.Frank and Tommy D.Sally and Frank.

()63.Which word best describes Frank when he was fi shing?

A.Bored.B.Excited.C.Angry.D.Careful.

()64.Which of the following is TRUE according to the letter?

A.Frank will stay in Paris with his family until November.

B.Frank got sick after he fi shed in the lake with his uncle.

C.Sally used to study in Paris and she visited many places there.

D.Sally spent an hour cooking dinner with her mother and aunt.

()65.What will Frank probably do if Tyler asks him to go fi shing next time?

A.Go with him.

B.Send him a newrod.

C.Say no to him.

D.Prepare some bait himself.

Hi!I’m Lilly.My family and I live in a big house.I’m 11 and I have a younger brother,Tom.He is 8.

My mom is a nurse,and she works in a hospital.She works a lot,and usually at night.She doesn’t have enough time to do the housework,so my dad often helps her and he likes it.My dad works in a bank.He arrives home at about 4 p.m.,so he can do a lot of things at home.

Every evening Dad cooks dinner.My brother and I help him.After dinner Dad does the dishes and I help him dry them.Then we take a shower and Dad reads us short stories.

In the morning,Mom makes breakfast.Tom and I make our beds.Then Dad takes us to school by car.

On Saturday,we clean the house.I clean the furniture(家具)and Dad sweeps the floor.Tom takes the rubbish out and waters the plants.Dad likes cleaning the windows but he hates ironing(熨).He never does it.My grandma comes to us twice a week and she irons our clothes.

On Sunday,we wash the car together and Dad often takes us to play in the park and eat in our favorite restaurant.

根据材料内容判断正(T)误(F)。

()66.Lilly is four years older than Tom.

()67.Lilly’s mom never works at night.

()68.Lilly and her brother go to school by car.

()69.Lilly’s brother is so little that he can’t do any housework.

()70.Lilly’s father doesn’t like ironing,but he likes cleaning the windows.

On Thursday a new boy came into the classroom.He didn’t have any uniform on.Just trousers,a jacket and a shirt.Tom could see that the boy wasn’t quite comfortable.He had a plastic(塑料的)bag with exercise books,pens,pencils,rulers and erasers in it.The boy stood at the blackboard.Miss Fair talked to the boy,and then she said,“Boys and girls,this is Peter Rivers.He is your new classmate.Peter is your age.I hope you’ll get on well with each other.Peter will spend a lot of time together with you,and outdoors too.”Miss Fair asked Peter to sit next to Tom at the desk near the window.

The students had math after that and Tom could see that Peter was not bad at it.He counted(数数)well.It was not diffi cult for him at all.Then Miss Fair said,“It is half past twelve.It’s time to have lunch.”Peter joined Tom and went to wash his hands.Then the boys sat down on the fl oor and started to open their lunch bags.Tom opened his bag and put his hand in it.He took out an old brown apple,some old cheese and some bits of fi sh from dinner.“Oh,no!”cried Tom.“This is rubbish.I have the wrong bag.I took the rubbish bag and left my lunch bag at home.I have only rubbish for lunch today.”The other children laughed and laughed.Then Peter said,“I have two eggs.Why don’t you have one?I don’t need two.And would you like some bread?”Tom smiled,“Thanks.Now I’ll always look in my lunch bag before I bring it to school.”

根据材料内容选择最佳答案。

()71.How many kinds of things did Peter have in his plastic bag?

A.Three B.Four C.Five D.Six

()72.Which of the following is TRUE about Peter?

A.He wore a coat and a shirt to school.

B.He had lunch in the school dining hall.

C.He was disabled and couldn’t play outdoors.

D.He had no trouble counting in the math class.

()73.How did Tom feel when he saw what was in his lunch bag?

A.Bored B.Afraid C.Excited D.Upset

()74.What would Tom probably have for lunch?

A.Bread and an apple B.Cheese and an apple

C.Bread and an egg D.Cheese and an egg

()75.What is the passage mainly about?

A.Tom’s favorite teacher B.Tom’s new classmate

C.Tom’s math class D.Tom’s lunch

When a person is hurt or suddenly(突然)becomes ill,people give him immediate(立即的)care.We call it fi rst aid.(76)______Immediate action is necessary when someone loses lots of blood or when breathing stopped for a short time.

Everyone should know something about how to care for a person with a sudden illness.Even a small injury(损伤)can be very dangerous.(77)______

When first aiders face a sudden situation,they must be able to keep calm(镇静的)and organize other people to help.He or she must know how to control blood and take care of injuries.(78)______

In our country,hundreds of people die in traffic accidents every year because most people don’t have first aid information.(79)______We may face a sudden situation anywhere.One day somebody from our family may get hurt or suddenly become ill.(80)______

根据材料内容将方框中A—E五个句子填入文中空缺处,使短文内容完整、正确。

A.If more people know about fi rst aid,more lives could be saved.

B.If we don’t want to be helpless in such a situation,we have to know fi rst aid.

C.When there is a sudden situation,time is very important,so fi rst aid plays a very important role.

D.Knowing how to move the injured without causing(引起)more injuries is also very important.

E.And it may result in death,so everyone should know something about fi rst aid.

五、词汇运用(每小题1分,共20分)

A)根据句意及所给首字母提示,补全句中所缺单词。

81.Leo has a t___.I advised him to see a dentist.

82.The bus stopped to let the p___ off.

83.People in the western countries often eat with k___ and forks.

84.The bag of rice weighs about 50 k___.

85.His daughter is a n___.Her job is to look after the sick.

B)根据句意,用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。

86.We have to make a________(decide)about where to go on vacation

87.His________(foot)are too big.We don’t have the right size of shoes for him.

88.Parents should tell children the________(important)of doing the housework.

89.Flora has a________(stomach),so she doesn’t want to eat anything.

90.All of us are surprised at the________(die)of the man because he is too young.

91.It was a good________(feel)to be arriving home again.

92.Who’s the________(own)of this house?

93.Careful!There’s_________(break)glass on the fl oor.

94.I wanted to thank them for all their________(kind).

95.She explained(解释)the whole idea again,but I still didn’t_____(understand).

C)根据句意及所给汉语提示,写出句中所缺单词。

96.There was a(n)______(通知)on the board saying the class had been cancelled(取消).

97.One of the boys was pushing the other along in a little box on_____(轮子).

98.We should care for the________(有残疾的)people.

99.Lisa met with many________(困难)when traveling.

100.I was tired so my friend________(扛)my heavy bag for me.

参考答案:

一、1---5DCADB 6---10 BBCCC

11---15 CCBCB 16---20 BAAAA

二、21---25 EBFGD

26.When should we do that

27.What should I do fi rst

28.Does he need any help

29.What do I need to do

30.What’s it

三、31---35 BCACD 36---40 ABDCD

41---45 DBCAC 46---50 ACADB

四、51---55 AADDB 56---60 BACDD 61---65 ADBBA

篇4：新目标七年级下期末测试题（一）

1. ——How’s the weather in Harbin? ——It’s ____.

A. snowB. snowsC. snowingD. to snow

2. Her father is a teacher. He ____ in a high school.

A. teachB. teachsC. teachesD. teaching

3. ——____? ——She’s a nurse.

A. What’s your mother doingB. How’s your mother

C. What does your mother doD. Is your mother a nurse

4. That old woman likes nice words about her ____.

A. look atB. lookingC. good-lookingD. looks

5. Today you can ____ your father’s car to school.

A. takeB. goC. byD. in

6. ——What ____ the boys ____?

——They’re playing football.

A. is， doing B. are， doing C. do， doD. does， do

7. What ____ do you want?

A. other B. others C. else D. else’s

8. There is a small house ____ on the hill(小山).

A. standsB. standC. standingD. stood

9. It’s boring. I ____ it.

A. can’t standB. loveC. enjoyD. don’t mind

10. ——What did you do last night?

——I didn’t do ____.

A. everythingB. somethingC. anythingD. nothing

Ⅱ.用所给词的适当形式填空。

1. It’s only ten ____(minute) walk from the station to the hotel.

2. The cat is washing ____(it) face. Isn’t it funny?

3. We often go ____(swim) in summer.

4. Listen! Who ____(sing) in the next room?

5. Now he ____(take) off (脱下) his clothes.

6. ——Did you ____(have) a great time?

——Yes， I did.

7. We are enjoying ____(watch) a football match on TV.

8. Her job is to look after ____(child).

9. Don’t make the child ____(cry).

10. Do you mind my ____(take) this place?

Ⅲ.将下列句子重新排列为一段意思通顺的对话(5分)

A. What are we going to buy for Mother for her birthday?

B. No， she already has a lot of cookbooks.

C. Great idea! She’ll like that.

D. I know one thing she likes—cooking.

E. Oh， she does? Then let’s get her a cooking video.

F. OK. Then how about getting her a cookbook?

G. I’ll order one over the Internet tonight.

H. I don’t know. What does she like?

_______________________________

Ⅳ.补全对话，每空不限于一个单词

A: Can I help you?

B: __1__. I’m looking for a shirt for myself.

A: What size do you wear?

B: Size 40.

A: __2__?

B: Blue， please if you have.

A: I think this will be very nice.

B: Can I try it on here?

A: __3__.

B: (Coming out of the change room. ) I think it’s OK. But I’m afraid it’s a bit expensive. Can I get it at a discount(打折)?

A: Yes. It’s 10% off today.

B: OK. __4__. By the way， do I have to pay cash (现金)?

A: Yes. Only cash. (Handing over the shirt. ) Here you are.

B: Thank you.

A: __5__.

1.____2.____ 3.____ 4.____ 5.____

Ⅴ.完形填空

Miss Williams is __1__ English teacher. Her __2__ is near her school. This morning, it’s very cold and __3__. __4__ her way to school, her eyes and face become red. She goes to her office __5__. It is warm there. Just then, a boy comes in and __6__ her. “Can I help __7__, Miss Williams?” The boy asks. “There’s nothing __8__； everything is OK.” Miss Williams answers. “Why are you crying? School’s not so bad.” The boy says. “I am not crying, it’s too cold and windy __9__, so my eyes and face turn red. School’s not so bad. I think __10__, too,” Miss Williams smiles.

1. A. aB. anC. the

2. A. homeB. familyC. house

3. A. windyB. windC. warm

4. A. InB. OnC. By

5. A. quietlyB. quicklyC. quick

6. A. sees B. seeC. saw

7. A. youB. yourC. yours

8. A. rightB. wrongC. all right

9. A. insideB. hereC. outside

10. A. yesB. thatC. so

Ⅵ.阅读理解

Mrs Jackson is a Canadian doctor. She is now in Shanghai. She works in a hospital. She likes Chinese medicine(医学) very much. She thinks the Chinese medicine is very strange(神奇). She wants to know much about Chinese medicine. So she is learning Chinese and can read much Chinese, too.

Her husband, Mr Jackson, is a manager of a big company(公司). He works very hard, too. He goes to work on weekdays. Sometimes, on Sat-urday and Sunday, he has to work, too. He is very busy. He has many things to do every day. He makes much money.

1. What does Mrs Jackson like very much?

_________________________________

2. Where does she work now?

_________________________________

3. Why does she learn Chinese?

_________________________________

4. Does Mr Jackson have to work on Saturday and Sunday sometimes?

_________________________________

5. They are very rich(富有的), aren’t they?

_________________________________

Ⅶ.阅读改错(本文有10个错误，在错词下面划线，并改正)

In sunday morning， Jack often goes shopping and his mother. The shop isn’t far to his home. They often go to there on foot， but some-times they goes there by bus. The shop is big and it sell a lots of things: milk， Coke， fruits， fish and so on. The shop assistant are very friendly. They help we choose(挑选，选择) things.

1.____ 2.____ 3.____ 4.____ 5.____

6.____ 7.____ 8.____ 9.____ 10.____

Ⅷ.写作练习

根据下面的提示写一篇不少于50词的短文

1.布鲁斯(Bruce)的叔叔住在乡下。布鲁斯经常在暑假时回来看叔叔；

2.叔叔所在的村子(village)有许多高高的树以及漂亮的花，布鲁斯很喜欢这个村子；

3.叔叔有3只小狗，布鲁斯经常喂(feed)小狗，他很喜欢和狗玩，他在乡下玩得很高兴。

篇5：大三下期末考试(古文变态)

一、名词解释

1、江西诗派

宋代影响最大的一个诗歌流派，是中国历史上第一个自发有组织、有理论宗旨的诗歌流派。宋徽宗初年，吕本中作《江西诗社宗派图》，把黄庭坚、陈师道为首的诗歌流派取名“江西诗派”，并尊黄庭坚为诗派之祖，下列陈师道、潘大观、陈与义等25人。宋末方回因诗派成员多学习杜甫，就把杜甫称为江西诗派之祖，尊黄庭坚、陈师道、陈与义为诗派之“宗”，提出了江西诗派的“一祖三宗”之说。其创作特色是：重视句法、喜用拗句；用典以故为新、变俗为雅；风格生新瘦硬，但兼有浏亮芊绵。江西诗派自身的演变同时也代表着北宋诗风向南宋诗风的转变。江西诗派是宋诗发展的重要表现。

2、王荆公体

又称“半山体”，王安石晚年居住于江宁之半山，写诗主要用七绝体，重炼意。这一时期的诗歌被编订为《半山集》，诗风由早年的奇险劲峭变为闲淡沉郁，即寓悲壮于闲淡，既有清新闲适，又有沉郁悲壮，人称“半山诗”或“半山绝句”。其长处是下字工、用事切、对偶精，既有深婉不迫之处，也有生硬奇崛之处，为江西诗派的先驱。

3、苏门四学士

北宋黄庭坚、秦观、晁补之和张耒的并称，苏轼在众多门生和崇拜者中，最欣赏和重视此四人。《宋史·黄庭坚传》载：“（黄）与张耒、晁补之、秦观俱游苏轼门，天下称为四学士。”这四位作家曾得到苏轼的垂青和指导，接受过苏轼的文学影响，但不意味着他们与苏轼可以统称为一个文学流派。实际上四人的造诣各异，文学风格也大不相同。如黄庭坚的诗自创流派，秦观的词专以纤丽婉约见长，只有晁补之的《摸鱼儿》等个别作品中还能看到一些苏轼的豪放词风。

4、大晟词人

宋徽宗崇宁四年，朝廷以新乐修成，赐名《大晟》，特置府建官。这是宋代音乐发展史上的一个里程碑，是北宋词阶段性的重大事件。府中网罗一批懂音乐、善填词的艺术家，一时形成创作风气，后人称他们为“大晟词人”。“大晟词人”是一个很松散的创作倾向概念，指凡被任命为大晟官职、有词作传世的词人一共7人。即周邦彦、晁端礼、万俟咏、晁冲之、田为、徐仲、江汉。大晟词人实际上是徽宗的御用文人群，艺术气质相近，作品呈现某些共同性，他们是御用文人的代表。

5、杨万里和“诚斋体”

杨万里的诗歌自成一家，被称之为“诚斋体”。诚斋体的艺术特征是活泼自然，饶有谐趣。诗人每每从平常的事物中敏锐地捕捉到富有情趣的瞬间，并用浅近自然的语言把他的所见所闻表现出来。形成诚斋体的要素之一是诗人把自己的主观情感最大程度地投射到客观事物上，他笔下的草木虫鱼乃至山水风云无不具有知觉和情感，无不充满生机和灵性；要素之二是杨万里作诗想象奇特，但不用奇奥生僻的字句或夭矫奇崛的结构，却用浅近明白的语言和流畅直致的章法，近于口语。

6、二晏北宋词人晏殊与其子晏几道，以其相映生辉的艺术成就影响了一代词风，被词话家并称为“二晏”，是中国史上有名的父子文学家。晏殊擅长小令，多表现诗酒生活和悠闲情致，语言婉丽，著有《珠玉词》，风格颇受南唐冯延巳影响。晏几道词风哀感缠绵，清壮顿挫，著有《小山词》。

7、二窗双白

“二窗”指的是宋词人吴文英、周密，吴文英号梦窗，著有《梦窗集》，周密号草窗，著有《草窗集》。两人字句工丽，音调和谐，风格相似，都是格律派的重要词人，因此并称“二窗”。张炎的词集名为《山中白云词》，词风清雅疏朗，与白石相近，故与白石并称“双白”。张炎的《解连环·孤雁》最能表现他的心境和词境，被称为“张孤雁”。

8、元杂剧

元杂剧又称北杂剧，形成于宋末，繁盛于大德元年间，主要作家有关汉卿、王实甫、马致远、白朴等，代表作有《窦娥冤》、《关汉宫》、《西厢记》。内容主要为揭露社会黑暗，反映人民疾苦；风格上现实主义和浪漫主义相结合，主线明确，人物鲜明；结构上最显著的特色是：四折一楔子和“一人主唱”。

9、（元）散曲

是配合当时北方流行的音乐曲调撰写的合乐歌词，是一种起源于民间新声的音乐文学，是当时一种雅俗共赏的新体诗。在元代，散曲一般被称为乐府或词，有小令和套数两种基本形式。内容涉及歌咏男女爱情，描绘江上景物，感慨人情世态，揭露社会黑暗，抒发隐逸之思，乃至怀古咏史，刻画市井风情等方面。在语言上，既注意一定的格律，有吸收了口语自由灵活的特点，因此往往呈现出口语化和曲体某一部分散漫化状态。

10、四大南戏

元代南戏较著名的作品《荆钗记》、《白兔记》、《拜月亭记》、《杀狗记》，后人称为“四大南戏”。在明清时期传演甚广，影响深远。这些剧本在明徐渭《南词叙录》“宋元旧篇”中有著录。其思想性虽不高，但情节曲折，极尽悲欢离合之情，故为歌场所重视。（补充）

11、说话

“说话”的本义是口传故事，宋代的“说话”有“四家”之说，据宋耐得翁《都城级胜·瓦全众伎》载，是小说、说经、讲史、合声（生）。小说，以讲烟粉、灵性、传奇、公案等故事为主；说经，即演说佛书；讲史，则说前代兴废争战之事；合声（生）以讲演者的敏捷见长。

12、话本

所谓“话本”，是宋元“说话人”说话所依据的底本，原只是师徒相传的“说话”的书面记录，而不为供人阅读所作。当时“说话”有四家，传于今日的主要是以历史故事和当时社会生活为题材的“小说”和“讲史”两家本子。有《清平山堂话本》、《全相平话五种》等。宋“说话人”的底本也称为“话文”或“话”。

13、诸宫调

诸宫调是一种说唱文学，主要流行于宋金时期。诸宫调是相对于限用一个宫调的说唱形式而言，其中唱的部分用多种宫调串接而成，其中插入一定的说白，与唱词配合，采用歌唱与说白相间的方式演说故事，基本上属于叙事体，但唱词中有接近代言的成分，对戏剧艺术的发展有重要影响。代表作有《西厢记诸宫调》、《刘知远诸宫调》等。

一、苏轼词的风格

苏轼在词的创作上取得了非凡的成就，苏轼对词体进行了全面的改革，最终突破了词为艳科的传统格局，提高了词的文学地位，使词从音乐的附属品转变为一种独立抒情诗体，从根本上改变了词史的发展方向。苏轼首先在理论上破除了诗尊词卑的观念。其次还提出了词须是“自是一家的”创作主张，其内涵包括“追求壮美的风格和阔大的意境，词品和人品相一致，做词应该像写诗一样抒发自我的真实性情和独特的人生感受。最后苏轼还开拓了词境。将传统的表现女性化的柔情之词扩展为表现男性化的豪情之词，将传统上只表现爱情之词变革为表现性情的词，使词像诗一样可以充分表现作者的性情怀抱和人格个性。如《江神子。密州出猎》”“为报倾城随太守，亲身虎，看孙郎”“会挽雕弓如满月，西北望，射天狼”就表现了他希望驰骋疆场，以身许国的豪情壮志。苏轼让充满进取精神，胸怀远大理想，富有激情和生命力的仁人志士走进了词的世界，改变了词作原有的柔软情调，扩展了词的境界。

2苏轼把词的题材取向从应歌回归到表现自我，从现实生活中汲取创作题材，所以苏轼的词多为感世之作，苏轼的词中还常常表现对人生的思考用记实的手法写自己的人生感受，使词的抒情贴近现实生活，词中的抒情人物形象和创作主题也由分离走向了统一的方向。如《定**》“竹杖枉鞋轻胜马，谁破，一烟雨任平生”就完整地表现了作者由积极进取转而压抑苦闷又力求超脱的心里路程。

3苏的词既向内心的世界开拓，也朝外在的世界扩展。苏轼用词展示自己的政治抱负，人生感慨，生活情趣，感受，山川景色扩大了词境。把词家的缘情和诗人的言志结合起来，词品和人品得到了高度的统一和融合。如在《念奴娇，赤壁怀古》“乱石穿空，惊涛拍岸，卷起千堆雪”就在雄伟的自然美中融入了深沉的历史感和人生感慨。

二、以诗为词

1、题序形式的引入。苏轼之前的词，大多是应歌而做的代言体，绝大数词并没有题叙，苏轼把词变为缘事而发，因情而做的抒情言志之体，所以词作抒发的是何种情志，都有事先交代和说明。为此，苏轼在词中采用了和诗一样的标题和小序的形式。如”“水调歌头；的小序就交代了创作的世间，缘由，也规定了”“但愿人长久，千里共婵娟”所怀念的对象是自己的弟弟苏辙。

2、突破音律的束缚，采用典故等多种手法。在苏轼之前的曲子词的曲子，基本上是轻音乐，软性文学，到苏轼将词题发展起来，做词寓以诗人句法，引议论入诗，大量用典故，突破了音乐对词体的约束，如《江神子，密州出猎》用了孙权射虎的典故来做代替性的概括，一笔就写出了太守一马当先，亲身射虎的姿态。下阕用唐的故事，表达了作者的志气和对古人还才不遇的隐痛。丰富了词的表现手法，对后来的词的发展产生了重大的影响。

从本质上来说，苏轼以文为词，是要突破音乐对词体的制约和束缚。增加词的内容，丰富词的体制，使词发展成为独立的抒情诗样式。苏轼词的突出特点是“以诗为词”，他“以词的躯壳而赋予诗的神气”。“以诗入词”是苏轼对词体解放的巨大贡献，在词史上具有划时代的意义。“以诗为词”，简单说来，就是用写诗的方法写词，把诗的题材、形象、意境、创作方法尽情入词，使词“诗”化成为新的独立词体。

苏轼注重以词陶写性情，是其倡导词的诗化的一个重要内容。他把士大夫的情性志趣与市民喜好的通俗文艺形式结合到一起，注入词中，改变了五代以来词所缘之情多的相思眷恋的狭隘性，开拓了词的抒情功能，予词以诗的清高，提高了词的品位，也增强了词的生命力。在《江城子·密州出猎》中作者熔铸了磅礴的诗的意境和诗的气韵，令人耳目一新，心胸振奋，全词如下： “老夫聊发少年狂，左牵黄，右擎苍，锦帽貂裘，千骑卷平冈。为报倾城随太守，亲射虎，看孙郎。酒酣胸胆尚开张，鬓微霜，又何妨！持节云中，何日遣冯唐！会挽雕弓如满月，西北望，射天狼。” 在词的上阕写围猎场面，渲染出词人的外在“狂”态，特别是“为报倾城随太守，亲射虎，看孙郎”。词人与孙权相比，用典自然。这里更含蓄显现出他勇武胆壮和有所作为的品格，从而使词充满了诗的豪情，诗的韵致。词的下阕则写作者内在“狂”态，结语表现作者要求保卫边疆，为国效命的决心。

3、突破了音律的束缚。

苏轼“以诗为词”是要突破音乐对词体的制约和束缚，把词由音乐的附属品变为一种独立的抒情诗体。苏轼写词只求阅读而不求演唱，故注重抒情言志的自由，虽然也遵守音律规范但不拘不于音律。因此，苏轼作词时挥洒自如，即使偶尔不协音律也不在所不顾，因此受到其后陆游，李清照等人的诟病。

4、苏词的语言创新。

苏词语言风格为清新朴素，他多方面吸收古人语言精华，化用前人语言入词，还运用口误、虚字入词，丰富词的表现力。如《满庭芳》：“蜗角虚名，蝇头微利，算来著甚干忙。事皆前定，谁弱又谁强。且趁闲身未老，尽放我、些子疏狂。百年里，浑教是醉，三万六千场。思量。能几许，忧愁风雨，一半相妨，又何须，抵死说短论长。幸对清风皓月，苔茵展、云幕高张。江南好，千钟美酒，一曲满庭芳。”

欧阳修与诗文革新运动

诗文革新运动的性质:北宋诗文革新是在政治革新、儒学复兴的推动下，并遵循文学自身发展的需要蓬勃兴起的。欧阳修是诗文革新的领袖人物，主张重道以充文，提倡文风平易、诗风平淡。这一运动主要是针对晚唐五代和北宋初年的不良文风而展开的，提倡唐代韩愈、柳宗元的古文风格论欧阳修在北宋诗文革新运动中的重要作用。

欧阳修在北宋诗文革新运动中的重要作用，主要表现在两个大方面：

第一、组织和领导了诗文革新运动。他针对当时文坛浮靡空疏和宗经复古、拙涩险怪的不良风气，发起了诗文革新运动。他举起了学习韩愈的旗帜，提出了自己的文学主张，组织了一支以王安石、曾巩和“三苏”为核心的诗文革新队伍，并利用知贡举的机会，力排雕琢过甚的西昆偶丽之文和险怪奇涩的“太学体”，他是当之无愧的文坛盟主和诗文革新运动的领袖。

第二、杰出的创作成就。欧阳修身体力行，积极从事诗文创作，成就斐然。

其散文众体兼长，成为人们学习的典范；他发展了韩愈散文“文从字顺”的一面，建立了平易流畅、委婉曲折的文章风格，这是他对宋代散文发展的最大贡献，对有宋一代文风的形成及对后世散文发展，都产生了深远影响；他那平易流畅而富于变化的文风，他那倾心于风神姿态，体现了阴柔之美的“六一风神”，为散文提供了新的美学风格。他扭转了文章脱离现实的倾向，确立了散体文的正宗地位。

其诗有意学韩愈的“以文为诗”，其诗带有浩荡变怪的散文化倾向，开创了取材广泛、命意新颖、以文为诗，以议论为诗的一代诗风，全面体现了当时宋诗发展的新方向。欧阳修的文学主张

欧阳修的文学主张与他那充满锐气、关注现实、注重践履的政治革新主张是一脉相承的，其主要指导思想是经世致用，针砭时弊，积极发挥诗文的社会功能，反对形式主义文风。

欧阳修的文学主张主要有以下几方面：首先，在文与道的关系上，他同韩愈一样，也强调“道”对“文”即内容对形式的决定作用，但在这一前提下，又指出了“文”的相对独立性，并不轻视艺术形式对表现内容的作用。其次，主张文学为社会服务，但并不狭隘地强调仅为伦理道德服务，注意了生活与创作的关系，把文章同现实中的事情联系起来，反对文士孤芳自赏，自说自话，无病呻吟。再次，提倡平易自然的语言风格。欧阳修的散文虽以学习韩愈相标榜，但他继承并发展了韩愈文从字顺的正确作法，而避免了韩文尚奇好异的作风。此外，他还主张简而有法的写作技巧，“简”即对题材的取舍剪裁要意深言简，有高度概括力；“法”是指艺术技巧，要写得生动形象，于含蓄中寓有褒贬。

欧阳修这些文学主张符合社会要求和文学自身规律，他又以出色的创作实绩实践了自己的文学主张，对诗文革新运动的顺利发展起了良好的指导作用。欧阳修领导北宋诗文革新运动并取得成功的原因：

（1）依靠政权的力量自上而下推进文风变革。

（2）欧阳修善于发现和团结一批有创作力的人才，形成某种集团性的力量。

（3）有一套相对合理的创作主张。（4）欧阳修自身的创作为其理论作出了典范。欧阳修的诗歌创作。内容上可分三类：

（1）反映人民生活和军国大事的诗歌。代表作有《食糟民》、《边户》等。

（2）表现自己仕途中的各种遭遇，抒发自己的坦荡胸怀和旷达精神。代表作有《戏答元珍》等。（3）反映民风民俗以及咏物的诗歌。其诗歌总体艺术特色是：风格以平淡为主，但含意深婉，脉络细密；也有浓烈的议论化和散文化倾向。（论述）欧阳修在诗文革新运动中所做的贡献

(一)在理论上阐明了“文”与“道”的关系.他重视文学的社会职能,强调道对文的决定性作用.他认为“道”是内容,犹如金玉,而“文”则是形式,犹如金玉发出的光辉,它是赖金玉而存在的.并进一步把儒家之“道”,与现实生活中的“百事”联系起来,使“道”的内涵更为广阔,更为实际.他在中“道”的同时,也重视“文”的意义和价值,提出“诗穷而后工”的论点,倡导简朴平易的文风.他吸取韩愈“文从字顺”的主张,而抛弃了韩愈“唯陈言之务去”的偏颇,避免了尚奇趋险的形式主义倾向.这些进步的观点和主张,为北宋诗文革新奠定了坚实的基础.(二)在创作上取得了突出成绩,造成了广泛的影响.欧阳修在散文,诗和史传的创作上都达到了极高的水平,如《泷冈阡表》,《醉翁亭记》,《明妃曲和王介甫》,《五代史伶官传序》等,这些诗文所表现的现实主义内容和时代精神,都体现了他的革新主张,为当时何后世提供了典范,也推动了诗文革新运动的发展.(三)团结和造就了一批作家,组成了强大的诗文革新队伍.欧阳修对于提倡古文和反对五代以来浮靡文风的作家,如范仲淹,梅尧臣,苏舜钦等,都诚恳地结为至交,同时还大力奖掖后进,如曾巩,王安石,苏轼等,都经他擢拔而成为当时文坛新秀,从而建立了坚强的阵地.由于他善于团结多数作家共同进行斗争,终于使北宋诗文革新取得最后胜利.黄庭坚的基本主张。

第一：黄庭坚主张诗歌要有所寄托，要反映现实、批判现实，这也是黄庭坚诗歌创作的宗旨。同时他也反对在诗歌中讪谤怒骂，反对诗歌无病呻吟，风花雪月，他更强调诗歌应抒写性情，以道德修养为其根本，应该“养以敦厚醇粹，使根深蒂固，然后枝叶茂尔”。

第二：黄庭坚主要诗歌创作应该循律渐进。首先，应该学习前人，从掌握艺术技巧手法入手，如炼字、造句、谋篇等等。然后再力求打破技巧的束缚，进入不着雕饰而自成一体的境界，他的诗论尤其适合初学者习练，可以循序渐进，即使是天赋平庸者亦可作出好的诗作，而那些天赋异禀的人，多加练习融会贯通，则可以达到自成一家的境界。因此，黄庭坚的诗论对后世诗人的创作产生了巨大的影响。

第三：主张师法前人与创新相结合。第四：“点铁成金”与“夺胎换骨”说。“点铁成金”，意为要在对前代诗歌的语言艺术中进行借鉴，而后推陈出新，如他的《病起荆州亭即事十首》在结构上借鉴了杜诗《存绝句二首》，虽然是模仿前人，但辞意俱新，情深意长，仍是一篇佳作，虽然后人认为“点铁成金”实为“剽窃”，余以为不尽然也，那些人的指责也过于偏颇，黄庭坚的诗学观不在于单一的袭承和创新上，而是提倡在继承中创新，能将前人所用的典故、诗句幻化出新意，从而为自己所用而又自成一体，如《登快阁》中“痴儿了却公家事”出自于《晋书•傅咸传》“生子痴，了官事，官事未易了也。了事正作痴，复为快耳！”，“朱弦已为佳人绝”出自《吕氏春秋•本味》“钟子期死，伯牙破琴绝弦，终身不复鼓琴。”“青眼聊因美酒横”，在《晋书•阮籍传》中记载，阮籍能作青白眼，见到厌恶的人以白眼对之，见到喜欢的人则以青眼对之。在这首诗中诗人化用前人的语句、典故等，然，却又自然天成，毫无雕饰之感，反而自出一种不同的意味。黄庭坚用自己的实践创作践行了“点铁成金”这一理论，也说明了“点铁成金”的创作手法确有化腐朽为神奇的功能，黄庭坚的“点铁成金”论无疑是开辟了一条新的道路，给无法创新的北宋诗坛注入了新的活力，因此，在当时有许多青年才俊跟随黄庭坚进行诗歌创作。

“夺胎换骨””所谓“换骨法”是指对前人优秀诗歌作品的内容，可以移用到自己的创作中来，但要求作家必须用新的语言予以再现。所谓“夺胎法”是指把前人诗歌的诗意和诗境吸取过来，但在艺术表现时，必须从新的角度予以艺术再现，即诗意诗境相近，美学表现手法全然一新。黄庭坚的这种学习前人或者根据其意境而创造新的诗句、或模仿其意境内涵而创作新诗，为诗歌创作打开了新的局面，黄庭坚借鉴或袭用前人的诗意而能够用自己独创的语言来表达，但这种创造是立足于借鉴前人的基础上，不是无根之木，无源之水的杜撰。

黄庭坚的诗学理论在宋代可谓独树一帜，对当时的青年诗人具有典范作用，他不仅诗歌成就卓越，作诗的方式法度井然，诗论有法可循，为青年诗人提供了创作的策略，因为备受时人拥戴，在他周围

关汉卿《窦娥冤》深刻的悲剧性

《窦娥冤》是元杂剧中最著名的悲剧，通过对窦娥悲惨命运的描写，揭示出了元代社会的黑暗，关汉卿借助窦娥这一遵循封建伦理道德的良民形象，赋予了悲剧深刻的社会内涵，使这部悲剧产生了惊天地，泣鬼神的戏剧效果，有力的抨击了封建社会的黑暗，政治的黑暗，以及强烈地表现了长期遭受压迫的人民群众的反抗情绪。

窦娥是一位具有悲剧性格的人物，她的性格是孝顺与抗争的对立统一。她的悲剧是张驴儿的横蛮行径与官府的颠倒黑白所造成的，她的悲剧性格，主义是由于三股力量造成的。高利贷的压迫。窦天章只因借了“羊羔利”第二年，就被迫把女儿卖去抵债。元代盛行的高利贷，使窦娥成为直接的牺牲品，并从此决定了她后来的悲剧命运。这是她的第一层悲剧流氓横行，恶棍肆虐。剧中的张驴儿父子在意外中救了蔡氏，但是他们不怀好意，乘机要将蔡氏婆媳占为己有，逼窦娥改嫁，可是窦娥坚意不从，张驴儿怀恨在心，趁蔡氏生病，暗中备下毒药，想要毒死蔡氏，可是阴错阳差，张驴儿的父亲误喝了有毒的汤水，倒地身亡，张驴儿见状，当即心生歹念，嫁祸于窦娥，用官休相威胁，实则强行逼窦娥“私休”，张驴儿不择手段肆意迫害，他的行径正是元代黑暗社会的表征。身受流氓的欺凌，是窦娥身上的第二层悲剧。官吏腐朽，官吏贪污。剧中的窦娥原本对官府充满幻想，天真得认为官府“名如镜，清如水”她认为自己一身清白，不怕与张驴儿对铺公堂，本以为官府能判个一清二楚，但是楚太守是个贪官，他声称“但来告状的，都是我的衣食父母”他办案的办法只有严刑逼供，窦娥冤案的形成，就是毒刑威逼的结果。就是这些现实因素导致了窦娥的悲剧，窦娥本不想和现实生活作对，可是黑暗的现实却逼得他爆发出反抗的火花。当她被刽子手捆绑地不能动弹，满腔的怒火和怨气，喷薄而出，她骂天骂地“地也，你不分好歹何为天，天也，你错堪贤愚枉做天”并且发出了三个愿望：血飞白练，六月降雪，亢旱三年。这些都强烈地表现社会的黑暗。

《琵琶记》悲剧意蕴

《琵琶记》的悲剧意蕴透过蔡伯喈的“三不从”的人生经历中逐步显现的。蔡伯喈一直处于全忠全孝和不忠不孝的矛盾中。首先蔡伯喈考虑到父母年老，无人照顾，在面临科举考试的前夕，他决意放弃功名，一心想要留守家中，侍奉父母，尽孝道，但是蔡公不从，一心想要改换门第，逼蔡伯喈赴考。深受封建思想熏陶的蔡伯喈，既不能违背孝道伦理原则，又不能违抗父命，在无可奈何之下只好离开家门，走向悲剧的第一步，通过这件事放映出他懦弱而寡断的个性和封建礼教中“孝”为核心的伦理道德思想。

而当蔡伯喈中了状元，得到了牛丞相的青睐，蔡伯喈本想辞官退婚，但是圣旨不准，君命难为，蔡伯喈有苦难言，有家难归，被迫与牛小姐成婚，更加深刻的反映了他懦弱的个性和封建礼教以“忠”为核心的伦理道德思想。

然而一方面，蔡伯喈家乡灾祸频繁，蔡公蔡婆衣食无着，最后家破人亡，就这样“三不从”硬是将他一步一步推离“孝道”，使得他在‘三纲’“无常”两种道德模范里挣扎，一个努力按照封建伦理行事的孝子，却因伦理纲纪的不合理以及伦理道德的自身矛盾，成为可怜的牺牲品。与其说《琵琶记》中作者塑造了蔡伯喈这一形象以体现“忠孝”的道德品行，不如说是“忠孝”把蔡伯喈规范成了统治者意志的样板。主观上蔡伯喈不情愿抛弃“德性幽闲”的爱妻，更想着为人之子给父母供奉“甘旨”的天职，客观上他却落得个“可惜二亲饥寒死，博换孩儿名利归”的结局。

赵五娘

赵五娘则体现了传统妇女善良淳朴、刻苦耐劳、勇于奉献的美德。她的命运悲哀可怜，新婚两月，夫妻和顺，丈夫被逼赴考。她一直尽心奉养公婆，吃糠挨饿。婆婆与公公先后病倒去世，五娘剪下自己的头发埋葬公婆，最后背上琵琶，一路弹唱，进京寻夫。这种内外交困的境界让人心力交瘁、苦不堪言。她的遭遇也反映出当时以男权为中心的封建社会统治，使得女性长期处于压抑状态，毫无自我意识的解放，完全没有地位和经济的独立。剧作者希望唤起观众对五娘强烈的同情心，更表现出对女主人公的崇敬与赞美。

《西厢记》

思想内容主要有两方面。

一、竖起一面反礼教的旗帜。首先《西厢记》中所倡导的“愿天下有情人终成眷属”的自由恋爱的婚姻与当时“门当户对”“父母之命，媒妁之言”的封建婚姻的形式内容形成对立。在前半段情的产生中可见到与封建礼教对立的种种场景。封建礼教提倡“非礼勿视”“怎挡他临去秋波那一荡”“非礼勿言”二人却月下“隔墙酬韵”提倡“非礼勿听”“听琴”提倡“非礼勿施”，二人却私下结合。在后半段情的沉溺中更体现出“爱情诚可贵。”“长亭送别”一幕中更通过崔莺莺的口中说出“但得一个并头莲，煞强入状元及第”这样的爱情宣言在爱情面前，封建的功名利禄却如“蜗角虚名，蝇头微利”。

二、塑造了一对叛逆精神的形象崔莺莺和张生。崔莺莺原本是个漂亮，知书答礼的相国小姐。她对张生一见钟情，后来这种感情与日俱增，她在热烈追求爱情幸福的时候，却由于家庭教育和贵族身份，产生了怀疑与顾虑，从而不断加深她内心的矛盾和精神的苦闷。如她请求红娘为她去张生那里问病，但看到张生的回信又忽地向红娘发起脾气，要红娘带信，口说是叫张生“下次休是这般”，但寄去的却是约张生月夜私会的诗简。在描绘崔莺莺这个叛逆形象作者既善意地嘲笑她与封建礼教斗争中所流露地弱点，同时细致地写出了她性格里深沉，谨慎的一面。在塑造张生的形象时作者与莺莺纯粹的爱情观相比，张生虽大胆追求爱情的自由，反抗封建礼教也凸显了张生作为封建男性的社会角色，如对封建科举的看法崔莺莺是“但得一个并头莲，煞强入状元及第”而张生却是“青宵有路终须到，金榜无名誓不归。” 在两个叛逆形象的创作上都显示了作者对生活观察的细致、深刻，体现了高度的创作艺术技巧。

人物形象

张生,温文尔雅，执着志城，略带傻气的张生。剧中主要表现张生执着追其崔莺莺，对崔莺莺热烈诚挚而又矢志不渝，张生在普救寺初次见崔莺莺就一见钟情，之后为了接近崔莺莺，将“云路鹏程”抛在脑后，毅然在普救寺住下。在他追求爱情的过程中，有时候表现地很机灵，如请求附斋追荐，写信退等，但有时他又是憨厚的，甚至有些傻气和懦弱的，如初见红娘就纤细的自报家门，对老夫人的赖婚和崔莺莺的赖简，束手无策，正是张生的这种憨气，傻气和他的风流才俊相得益彰

崔莺莺，她的主要性格特征是热情而又冷静，聪明而又狡猾。作为一个相国小姐而又能够冲破封建礼教的束缚追求自主的婚姻。同时，她在反抗封建礼教过程中也有动摇和矛盾，他在追求自己的爱情过程中，他的心里始终是复杂矛盾的，在红娘面前，一方面她想要隐瞒自己内心的情感，另一方面又借助红娘和张生互通哀曲。

红娘,是反封建礼教最为坚决，最为无所顾忌的人物，虽然出生低贱，却显得比女主人更有主见，而且机智，泼辣，富有正义感，为了张生，崔莺莺的自由恋爱而穿针引线。他的思想性格在撮合崔莺莺，张生二人婚事和抨击封建礼教中得到了很好的展示，为了促成相国小姐和白衣秀才本来无望的婚事，他要蒙蔽威严而又多疑的老夫人，又要鼓励软弱而常常不知所措的张生，同时还要小心翼翼的对待心细如发，顾虑重重的敏感的崔莺莺，他对张生是坦率的，对小姐是忠诚的，而在与老夫人的斗争中，也体现了他的机灵。、、《西厢记》在艺术上也取得极大的成功。

首先，从情节安排和结构技巧上看，剧情曲折，结构巧妙合理。全剧从两条线索来展开剧情：以张生、莺莺和红娘与老夫人间的矛盾冲突为主线，以崔、张和红娘三人之间的性格冲突为副线，二者相互交错、制约，极富戏剧性。

其次，体制上有突破。它打破元杂剧一本四折的体制，用五本二十一折的长篇连台本戏；并且打破了元剧一人主唱的通例，在若干折戏里采用了旦、末轮唱的方式。这种突破与创新，对安排剧情、刻画人物，都起了很好的作用。

再次，塑造了性格鲜明的人物形象。作者主要是把人物放在复杂的矛盾冲突之中，通过人物自身的言行来塑造人物，如老夫人的赖婚，张生的犯傻，莺莺的作假，红娘的泼辣等，使情节发展和人物性格更加巧妙合理地结合，使人物性格鲜明，形象生动。